Assessment and economic valuation of services provided by ecosystems to humans has become a crucial phase in environmental management and policy-making. As primary valuation studies are out of the reach of many institutions, secondary valuation or benefit transfer, where the results of previous studies are transferred to the geographical, environmental, social, and economic context of interest,...

abstract by using cross-section data which gathered through a survey research in mashhad ,contingent valuation approach and tobit model this study tries to determine economical value of air pollution and effective factors on wtp. based on contingent valuation approach, air pollution total value of airpollution in high-polluted region equals 7134146560 rials per month and in middle-polluted regi...

Employing attitude measures to explain valuation responses in contingent valuation studies has the potential to improve statistical analyses as well as interpretation of response information. In this paper, four types of attitude measures are compared for their ability to provide these benefits in the context of a contingent valuation of an air quality management plan for Sofia, Bulgaria. Findi...

In this paper, persents the definitions of strongly prime ideal, strongly prime N-subgroup, Pseudo-valuation near ring and Pseudo-valuation N-group. Some of their properties have also been proven by theorems. Then it is shown that, if N be near ring with quotient near-field K and P be a strongly prime ideal of near ring N, then is a strongly prime ideal of ‎‎, for any multiplication subset S of...

1. Introduction: context and scope of the study In the spirit of the growing environmental awareness in the past decades, we witness nowadays an increasing interest in biodiversity, both locally and worldwide. Biodiversity requires our attention for two reasons. First, it provides a wide range of benefits to mankind and human activities. Second, many human activities have contributed to unprece...

Property valuation is a particularly complex and large problem domain that requires diverse, highly sophisticated skills, expertise and knowledge. Experienced valuers have framed sets of assumptions to be applied in estimating the ‘most likely selling price’ or the ‘worth’ of a property. In order to implement a valuation, these valuers use mathematical models called ‘valuation methods’. Previou...