This paper proposes a smart water grids network (SWGN) architecture that combines the advantages of fog computing, internet things (IoT), long range wide area (LoRaWAN), and Software-defined networking (SDN). The main aims SWG are to optimize data routing monitor supply quality in real-time. SWGN handles vast amount is collected by IoT devices from different points related quality. processed di...

Background: Internal corrosion and the formation of scale in water distribution pipes are the most important problems for an urban water distribution system. Physical, chemical, or biological factors can lead to these two processes. Internal corrosion and scale formation can impact health, economy, and aesthetics. This study assessed the physicochemical quality parameters and evaluated the pote...

A Tabu Search optimisation technique is proposed for designing, planning and maintaining water distribution systems. As design and maintenance of pipe networks for water supply distribution require high costs, achieving the highest level of performance of existing networks at minimum costs is mandatory. The problem involves setting a lot of variables, as location and diameters of new pipes, ope...

EDITORIAL Editorial I hope you had a good start in 2007. GECCO surely had. With 577 submissions, GECCO-2007 has beaten the 2005 record of 550 submissions by 4.4%. And there are still many events for which the submission is still open: the 16 workshops (the deadline is March 23rd), the late-breaking papers track (the deadline is April 28th), and the human competitive, the " Humies " , awards (th...

Large numbers of tunnel-like structures apparently connecting neighbouring bilayers were found in phase-contrast microscopy of certain preparations of egg lecithin in water. These passages either cause a pairing of the bilayers or form threedimensional lattices. They appear to originate while the lecithin swells in water. Some theoretical aspects of passage formation in fluid bilayers is shown ...