Computational modelling methods have been used to predict the risks from lead in drinking water across a simulated supply zone, for a range of plumbosolvency conditions and a range of extents of occurrence of houses having a lead pipe, on the basis of five risk benchmarking methods. For the worst case modelled (very high plumbosolvency and 90% houses with a lead pipe) the percentage of houses a...

An automated algorithm based on the dynamic hydrological and hydraulic simulation modules in Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was developed to aid the design of storm sewer networks, provided that a layout is given. Numerical performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with the existing design methods with two application cases. The automated computation process of the sewer network d...

Buried pipeline systems are commonly used to transport water, sewage, oil, natural gas and other materials. In the conterminous United States, there are about 77,109 km (47,924 miles) of crude oil pipelines, 85,461 km (53,114 miles) of refined oil pipelines and 67,898 km (42,199 miles) of natural gas pipelines (FEMA, 1991). The total length of water and sewage pipelines is not readily available...

Fully developed turbulent pipe flow at Re=11300 as well as Re=5300 is measured by PIV using water as working fluid. Excellent agreement with DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) by Satake (2000) is achieved by choosing optimum measurement parameters such as spatial resolution, time separation of two images, and number of samples. The test section is 6.7m long stainless steel pipe with transparent ...

In this paper, an efficient and accurate method for the extended period simulation of pipe networks under dynamic loading is proposed. The method uses the modified Euler method to discretise the ordinary differential equation governing the variation of water level in the reservoirs to yield a nonlinear algebraic equation in terms of the reservoir head and inflow. These equations are then embedd...

The aluminum concentration and Ryznar Index increased and the pH decreased in a small Appalachian water supply reservoir following acid precipitation runoff episodes. Concomitant increases in tapwater aluminum and decreases in tapwater pH were also observed at two homes in the water distribution system. Lead concentrations in the tapwater of one home frequently exceeded recommended levels, alth...

Sub-surface irrigation with porous clay pipe can be an efficient, water saving method of irrigation for many less developed arid and semi-arid regions. Maximizing the efficiency of clay pipe irrigation requires guidelines and criteria for system design and operation. In this study, experimental and simulated (with HYDRUS (2D/3D)) soil wetting patterns were investigated for sub-surface pipe syst...

Leaking in water pipe is a critical issue in Middle Eastern countries such as Kuwait where water is scarce. In-pipe robots can be dispatched to discover the network and inspect the inner surface of the pipe. This thesis describes the design and characterization of suction pads for in-pipe robots. The suction cups are made of hyperelastic materials that contain air channels inside. Instead of us...

F or young adults who frequent hookah bars, water pipe smoking leads to elevated levels of nicotine, cotinine, tobacco-related carcinogens, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine. These findings, published May 16 in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention, raise alarms about a practice rapidly gaining in popularity. " We should forget the myth that hookah smoking is not harmful,...

The aim of this paper is to present a kinetic numerical scheme for the computations of transient pressurised flows in closed water pipe with non uniform sections. Firstly, we detail the derivation of the mathematical model in curvilinear coordinates and we performe a formal asymptotic analysis. The obtained system is written as a conservative hyperbolic partial differential system of equations....