Spontaneous fluctuations in Heart Period (HP) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) make it possible to evaluate baroreceptor-heart rate reflex sensitivity (BRS). 30-s sequences of HP and MAP beat-to-beat values were considered in the different wake-sleep states (Wake, W; Quiet Sleep, QS; Active Sleep, AS) in rats to assess whether 1) BRS changes between states and 2) the different indexes supply co...

The occurrence of dynamic changes in spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms in the awake state or sleep is highly variable. These rhythms can be externally modulated during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with a perturbation method to trigger oscillatory brain activity. EEG-TMS co-registration was performed during standard wake, during wake after sleep deprivation and in sleep i...

Fur seals are unique in that they display both bilateral slow-wave sleep (BSWS), as seen in all terrestrial mammals, and slow-wave sleep with interhemispheric electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry, resembling the unihemispheric slow waves of cetaceans. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon, which is also termed asymmetrical slow wave sleep (ASWS). However, we may beg...

Brainstem neurons that are thought to modulate pain are reported to have state-dependent discharge rates. Yet, the effect of behavioral state upon nociceptive transmission has not been well studied. Therefore, we examined responses to noxious thermal stimulation of the rat hindpaw presented during different behavioral states. Noxious thermal stimuli were applied to rats as they spontaneously cy...

Sleep and wakefulness are no longer to be considered as discrete states. During wakefulness brain regions can enter a sleep-like state (off-periods) in response to a prolonged period of activity (local use-dependent sleep). Similarly, during nonREM sleep the slow-wave activity, the hallmark of sleep plasticity, increases locally in brain regions previously involved in a learning task. Recent st...

A square splittered and unsplittered rod is placed in a turbulent boundary layer developed over a flat plate. The effect of the resulting disturbances on the local heat transfer coefficient is then studied. In both cases the square rod modifies the flow structure inside the boundary layer. As a result, a stagnation point, a jet and wake area are generated around the square rod, each making a co...

A wake model for the free-streamline theory is proposed to treat the two-dimensional flow past an obstacle with a wake or cavity formation. In this model the wake flow is approximately described in the large by an equivalent potential flow such that along the wake boundary the pressure first assumes a prescribed constant under-pressure in a region downstream of the separation points (called the...

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded during presentation of stimuli of 1000 Hz (standard) and 2000 Hz (deviant) in trains of 10 tone bursts (one deviant per train) in the wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep states. The constant inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was 600 ms and the trains were separated by 3 s of silence. The deviant tone occurring at the train start elicited a mismatc...

From a physiological perspective the sleep-wake cycle can be envisioned as a sequence of three physiological states, identified by a particular homeostatic patent: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or slow sleep, and REM sleep. These three physiological states are defined by a particular neuroendocrine-immune profile that regulates the immune system response. This review discusses the ...