Triadobatrachus massinoti is a batrachian known from a single fossil from the Early Triassic of Madagascar that presents a combination of apomorphic salientian and plesiomorphic batrachian characters. Herein we offer a revised description of the specimen based on X-ray micro-tomography data. We report previously unknown caudal vertebrae, possible mentomeckelians, and hidden parts of other struc...

The human genome project has been recently complemented by whole-genome assessment sequence of 32 mammals and 24 nonmammalian vertebrate species suitable for comparative genomic analyses. Here we anticipate a precipitous drop in costs and increase in sequencing efficiency, with concomitant development of improved annotation technology and, therefore, propose to create a collection of tissue and...

Background: Transcription factors regulate gene expression by interacting with their specific DNA binding sites. Some transcription factors, particularly those involved in transcription initiation, always bind close to transcription start sites (TSS). Others have no such preference and are functional on sites even tens of thousands of base pairs (bp) away from the TSS. The Cyclic-AMP response e...

Like the majority of non-communicable diseases that have recently gained attention, functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (FGID) in both children and adults are caused by a variety medical conditions. In general, while it is often thought common conditions such as obesity may cause other problems, for example, asthma or mental health issues, more consideration needs to be given possibility...

Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates, whose body movements and balance mainly using fins, breathing through gills, living in an aquatic environment. Most vertebrates the world fish covering 48.1%, mammals (10.8%), reptiles (14.4%), amphibians (6.0%), birds (20.7%). One of consumed North Sulawesi is scad mackerel locally called malalugis. This research focused on meristic morphometric characteristi...

804 Chiari malformations are a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders that are defined by anatomic anomalies of the cerebellum, brainstem, and craniocervical junction, with downward displacement of the cerebellum, either alone or together with the lower medulla, into the spinal canal. 1 The major categories of symptoms of Chiari malformations are those related to obstructive hydrocephalus,...

Development of vertebrata begins with formation of a multicellular organism by ordered repeated division of a reproductive cell and nondisjunction of the new formed cells, which have kept connection by means of the extracellular matrix. Further there is a consecutive formation of organisms due to aggregation of similar structures: blastaea; segmentella, supersegmentella. Supersegmentella gave d...