Numerous low-lying, unconsolidated carbonate reef islands occur on the shallow reefs of South China, Sulu and Celebes Seas off coast Sabah, at northeastern end Borneo. A range sources, including maps charts, as well freely available satellite imagery, has been used to map location these islands, identify them, develop a classification. total 44 were differentiated into: a) sandy areas visible t...

to use remote sensing data effectively, one must understand the spectral characteristics of the particular features under investigations. to study the relationship between soil salinity and soil reflectance, four multispectral scanners (mss) and seven thematic mappers (tm bands) over the ardakan playa located on the central iranian desert margins were selected. in this study soil map, soil ...

In most parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, solar radiation cannot penetrate clouds. Therefore, cloud detection and masking are essential in image preprocessing for observing Earth analyzing its properties. Because clouds vary size, shape, structure, an accurate algorithm is required removing them from area interest. This task usually more challenging over bright surfaces such as exposed sun...

Radiation reflected from vegetation canopies exhibits high spatial variation. Satellite-borne sensors measure the mean intensities emanating from heterogeneous vegetated pixels. The theory of radiative transfer in stochastic media provides the most logical linkage between satellite observations and the three-dimensional canopy structure through a closed system of simple equations which contains...

Future developments in AI and robotics, brain interfaces, the Internet and virtual and augmented reality, will make possible new types of integration of humans and machines which will change how we think, learn and live. This paper uses a story about a future scenario involving systems of this kind to respond to crises and disasters to explore the possibilities of collective intelligence and co...