Anode activity in vacuum arc plays a very important role in both characteristics of vacuum arc and the interruption capacity of vacuum interrupters. In this paper, the transient thermal processes of anode in vacuum arc in a half of arc current cycle with frequency of 50 Hz are simulated by finite element analysis software, ANSYS. Some important phenomena of anode, e.g., the melt and solidificat...

The nonlocal vacuum condensates or vacuum correlators describe the distribution of quarks and gluons in the non-perturbative QCD vacuum [1]. Physically, it means that vacuum quarks and gluons can flow through the vacuum with nonzero momentum. Nonlocal condensates play an important role in hadron physics. In particular, they are of principle importance in the study of the distribution functions ...

A re-evaluation of the concept of vacuum in quantum electrodynamics is presented, focusing on the vacuum of the quantized electromagnetic field. In contrast to the ‘nothingness’ associated to the idea of classical vacuum, subtle aspects are found in relation to the vacuum of the quantized electromagnetic field both at theoretical and experimental levels. These are not the usually called vacuum ...

The variation of vacuum level inside a field emission device when electron is emitted from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by electric field was measured where MWCNT gauge packaged with a vacuum device was used to measure the degree of a vacuum until the end of the vacuum device life. It was found that the electrical properties of MWCNTs altered with the degree of a vacuum. We fabricated...

Numerous primary vacuum standards namely Mercury Manometer Standard, Volume Expansion Standard and Orifice Flow Standard of different ranges and designs have been developed by various international vacuum metrology laboratories, for the calibration of vacuum gauges. This paper briefly describes a variety of scientific techniques that had either been used or are employed in different primary vac...