BACKGROUND/AIMS Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a complex animal health problem that causes disruption to trade and significant economic losses. TB involves a multi-host system where sheep, traditionally considered a rare host of this infection, have been recently included. The aims of this study were to develop an experimental TB infection model in sheep with a Mycobacterium caprae field strain is...

The purpose of this work was to assess the immunogenicity of a single nasal or oral administration of recombinant 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma mansoni (rSm28GST) entrapped by poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG)- or polycaprolactone (PCL)-biodegradable microparticles. Whatever the polymer and the route of administration used, the equivalent of 100 microg of entrapped rSm28GST ind...

Delayed Second Dose vs. Standard Regimen for Covid-19 Vaccine This interactive feature about administration of the second dose vaccine either according to standard schedule or delay...

The aim of the research was to determine the efficiency of in ovo immunisation of turkeys against the haemorrhagic enteritis virus, while simultaneously applying a synthetic immunomodulator – methisoprinol – by the same route of administration. Dindoral SPF vaccine, in a dose of 0.1 ml of the solution prepared ex tempore after dissolving the vaccine in 100 ml of water for injection, and methiso...

Pulmonary vaccination is a promising immunization route. However, there still remains a crucial need to characterize the different parameters affecting the efficacy of inhaled vaccination. This study aimed at assessing the impact of antigen distribution within the respiratory tract on the immune response to a monovalent A/Panama/2007/99 H3N2 influenza split virus vaccine administered to BALB/c ...

Active immunization is an effective means of blocking the pharmacodynamic effects of drugs and holds promise as a treatment for heroin addiction. Previously, we demonstrated the efficacy of our first-generation vaccine in blocking heroin self-administration in rats, however, many vaccine components can be modified to further improve performance. Herein we examine the effects of varying heroin v...

Designing an ideal vaccine against leishmaniasis using a suitable candidate antigen and appropriate antigen delivery system to induce the accurate type of immune response is a process still under investigation. There are some different strategies applied for vaccination against leishmaniasis including conventional and modern (genetically-modified vaccines) approaches. The type of induced immune...

BACKGROUND Influenza is a contagious disease caused by a pathogenic virus, with outbreaks all over the world and thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. Due to virus antigenic drift and short-lived immune responses, annual vaccination is required. However, vaccine coverage is incomplete, and improvement in immunization is needed. The objective of this study is to investigate a nove...