Address for Correspondence: Dr. Agrawal Nidhi, Demonstrator, Department of Anatomy, NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur, India. E-Mail: [email protected] Background: The external opening of the nutrient canal, usually referred to as the nutrient foramen has a particular position in each bone. An understanding of the position and number of the nutrient foramina in fibula is important, as thi...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate morphological characteristics of teeth with hypercementosis that are relevant to endodontic practice. Twenty-eight extracted teeth with hypercementosis had their root apexes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The teeth were divided according to tooth groups and type of hypercementosis. The following aspects were examined under SEM: the cont...

The evolution of filter feeding in baleen whales (Mysticeti) facilitated a wide range of ecological diversity and extreme gigantism. The innovation of filter feeding evolved in a shift from a mineralized upper and lower dentition in stem mysticetes to keratinous baleen plates that hang only from the roof of the mouth in extant species, which are all edentulous as adults. While all extant mystic...

In this paper, we present an efficient multilayer general area router, named V4, for MCM and dense PCB designs. The unique feature of the V4 router is that it uses no more than four vias to route every net and yet produces high quality routing solutions. A number of combinatorial optimization techniques are used in the V4 router to produce high quality routing solutions in polynomial time. As a...

Object recognition in primates is mediated by the ventral visual pathway and is classically described as a feedforward hierarchy of increasingly sophisticated representations. Neurons in macaque monkey area V4, an intermediate stage along the ventral pathway, have been shown to exhibit selectivity to complex boundary conformation and invariance to spatial translation. How could such a represent...

Cortical visual area V4 in macaque monkeys has a large proportion of neurons that are sensitive to the wavelength or to the color of light. We tested its role in hue discrimination by removing it in macaque monkeys trained to discriminate small differences in hue. Hue discrimination thresholds were permanently elevated in 4 macaque monkeys in which V4 was removed bilaterally. In contrast, there...

The primate visual system has an exquisite ability to discriminate partially occluded shapes. Recent electrophysiological recordings suggest that response dynamics in intermediate visual cortical area V4, shaped by feedback from prefrontal cortex (PFC), may play a key role. To probe the algorithms that may underlie these findings, we build and test a model of V4 and PFC interactions based on a ...