BACKGROUND Urinary bladder carcinoma is common urological malignancy. Although epidemiological evidence favors role of occupational exposure to chemical carcinogen as the aetiological factor of bladder carcinoma, many cases arise with no obvious occupational exposure to chemical carcinogen. Tobacco and cigarette smoking is common in both rural and urban areas of Nepal. OBJECTIVE The objective...

Background: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is associated with high rates of recurrence, resulting in frequent follow-up cystoscopies. We evaluated the use of two point-of-care tests - the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) and urinary bladder cancer antigen (UBC) Rapid - compared to routine follow-up in patients with a previous history of NMIBC. Methods: 31 patients with cystoscopy-v...

Objective To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper urothelial [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers geographical variation. Patients Methods This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included aged ?16 years, suspected cancer. a kn...

Cystoscopy has remained the gold standard for the detection of bladder cancer for decades. Although many new fancy molecular markers have been developed and are widely applied in the diagnosis and management of various cancers today, no single marker has dethroned cystoscopy as " the tool " in the detection of bladder cancer. Although advances in technology have provided fluorescence and narrow...

A variable but often significant proportion of urinary bladder cancer in urban areas can be attributed to occupational and cultural (cigarette smoking) situations associated with exposures to various arylamines. The variable N-acetylation of carcinogenic arylamines by human hepatic enzyme systems, the known genetic regulation and polymorphic distribution of this enzyme activity in humans, and t...

Inflammation may activate stem cells via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of stemness markers (Oct3/4 and CD44v6) and COX-2 in urinary bladder tissues obtained from cystitis and cancer patients with and without Schistosoma haematobium infections. Immunoreactivity to Oct3/4 was signi...

Each year, approximately 390,000 people worldwide are diagnosed with bladder cancer1. The disease is the 2nd most common urologic cancer and the 5th most frequently diagnosed malignancy in Canada2. Unlike superficial bladder cancer, muscle-invasive disease is often treated with surgical removal of the bladder (radical cystectomy)3. Even though it is well accepted that treatment should be instit...

BACKGROUND Human complement factor H-related protein (hCFHrp) is produced by several bladder cancer cell lines and may be useful as a cancer marker. The aim of this study was to compare urinary hCFHrp and cytology for the detection of bladder cancer found by cystoscopy in patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or preliminary test results. METHODS The BTA TRAK assay, a quantitative enzyme i...

BACKGROUND Highly sensitive and specific urine-based tests to detect either primary or recurrent bladder cancer have proved elusive to date. Our ever increasing knowledge of the genomic aberrations in bladder cancer should enable the development of such tests based on urinary DNA. METHODS DNA was extracted from urine cell pellets and PCR used to amplify the regions of the TERT promoter and co...