While historical geographers contributed to colonial projects as surveyors, explorers and map-makers, since the 1990s they have critical analysis of imaginary material geographies empire. However, only example Asian-led colonialism, study Japanese colonialism has not received anywhere near same degree scholarly attention western especially in English-speaking literature. This summarizes on both...

Cities are often divided by invisible borders, and this demarcation is man-made, with some areas featuring large infrastructure, well-maintained parks, gardens, upscale residential areas. In contrast, other characterized severe deprivation, inadequate housing, services, poor recreation cultural facilities, deterioration, scarce infrastructure investment. These tangible differences come as sympt...