urban green spaces and parks are important land use of cities which promote quality of life by providing facilities for leisure and also play a crucial role in social cohesion and participation due to their socio-economic and environmental functions. hence the distribution of such spaces is very important in cities. however the zone of 3 in tehran has a relative appropriate green space per capi...

introduction: under the principles of international law, no state has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause damage to the environment of other states. spatial econometrics provides a powerful tool to assess the influence of the pollution of neighboring countries on a country's pollution level. spatial spillover effects play a significant role in a...

In the context of ongoing world population growth, no permanent growth in materials consumption can be sustained into the future. A sustainable future requires that the world's population stabilize. The author considers the possible coupling of the annual energy use per capita and the population growth rate for each region, and the consequences of such a connection if the world's population i...

This research examines whether urban form indicators are useful predictors of family-engaged active leisure among U.S. population. The study sample includes 23,759 adult respondents from the 2003-2008 American Time Use Survey who lived with family members in 326 metropolitan counties. Urban form is measured at the county level by two methods: one uses the remotely-sensed nighttime satellite ima...

This research is aimed at developing a model for measuring and comparison amount of supply and demand for different urban services from quality of life and equity perspectives, in urban built-up areas. This paper explains different steps of implementing the model as a tool for evaluating accessibility of residents to various services according to two main criteria: Land per capita and distance ...

background: the first step of solid waste management is identification of its composition and the amount of solid waste production per capita. the aim of this research was to estimate the quantity of solid waste production at mazandaran university of medical sciences and the possibility of recycling. methods: this study was a cross-sectional study. the quantity of solid waste production was mea...

How did Europe overtake China? We construct a simple Malthusian model with two sectors and use it to explain why European per capita incomes and urbanization rates surged ahead of Chinese ones. Productivity growth can only explain a small fraction of the rise in living standards. Population dynamics – changes of the birth and death schedules – were far more important drivers of the long-run Mal...

How did Europe overtake China? We construct a simple Malthusian model with two sectors, and use it to explain how European per capita incomes and urbanization rates could surge ahead of Chinese ones. That living standards could exceed subsistence levels at all in a Malthusian setting should be surprising. Rising fertility and falling mortality ought to have reversed any gains. We show that prod...