During a time of budget challenges, the Washington, D.C. government has needed to increase appropriations to the public safety and justice title while reducing appropriations to other municipal services. The need to increase policing costs by $1 million to $469.7 million in fiscal year 2012 diverges from the city’s efforts to improve underserved neighborhoods through urban renewal. Although the...

This paper considers the urban spatial changes in China as rescaling and territorialization processes. Decentralization has led to the emergence of localism in China, in a fashion similar to western cities but with unique features and context of a transitional economy. Acquiring urban status and expanding urban space have become a new strategy for lasting local development, resulting in a massi...

2. Government has undertaken its own urban renewal projects for many years. The Hong Kong Housing Society (HS) started its Urban Improvement Scheme in 1974. In 1988, the Land Development Corporation (LDC) was established to speed up the process of urban renewal. The Housing Authority (HA) has also played an important role in urban renewal, in particular by redevelopment of its own estates and a...

In recent years codes that are not Uniquely Decipherable (UD) have been studied partitioning them in classes that localize the ambiguities of the code. A natural question is how we can extend the notion of maximality to codes that are not UD. In this paper we give an answer to this question. To do this we introduce a partial order in the set of submonoids of a monoid showing the existence, in t...

PURPOSE Social disparities among youth have been recognized as an important influence on disease risk later in the life cycle. Despite this, social problems are seldom assessed in a clinical setting. The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of social disparities on the health of youth. METHODS A self-directed, web-based screening system was used to identify social dispari...

Relatively little attention has been paid to examining the spatial expansion features of cities at various tiers at the regional level in China, especially those located in central and western regions of the country. Based on Landsat satellite imagery from four years—1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010, this paper investigates the spatio-temporal pattern of urban land expansion and its influencing facto...

As mentioned in the European white paper of the OECD (OECD, 2003) the main policy objective to be tackled is the development of sustainable urban goods transport. Sustainable urban goods transport should facilitate a continuing economic growth and meanwhile protecting the environment and ensuring a better quality of life for future generations. In Netherlands various regulations have been imple...

In the relation between urban development and the Viennese Danube different periods can be identified from the late 17th to the early 20th century. These periods were strongly intertwined with both the history of the river and the history of the city. Urban expansion into the floodplains is demonstrated in this paper by investigating the island Unterer Werd, next to the city centre. In the late...

This chapter describes how the spatial distribution of economic activity changes as economies develop and grow. We start with the relation between development and rural-urban migration. Moving beyond the coarse rural-urban distinction, we then focus on the continuum of locations in an economy and describe how the patterns of convergence and divergence change with development. As we discuss, the...

Design is a social phenomenon and researchers suggest that social interaction, negotiations and communication between designers are essential to initiate creativity. Within the design studio environment, a number of factors affect the healthy social interaction and design negotiations, such as the teaching style of tutors and the culture that governs a design studio’s environment. This may in t...