In this study we determined whether untrained raters’ assessments of fluency in low-proficiency second language speech were related to temporal measures and whether they varied across tasks. We collected speech samples from 20 beginner Mandarin learners of English on picture description, monologue, and dialogue tasks. Temporal measures were made on each sample. Twenty-eight untrained judges rat...

Recurrent neural networks are frequently used in cognitive science community for modeling linguistic structures. More or less intensive training process is usually performed but several works showed that untrained recurrent networks initialized with small weights can be also successfully used for this type of tasks. In this work we demonstrate that the state space organization of untrained recu...

OBJECTIVE To compare cardiovascular and ventilatory variables in upright versus aero cycle ergometry at submaximal and maximal exercise intensities in untrained cyclists. METHOD Ten physically active men (mean (SD) age 19.1 (1.10) years) who were unfamiliar with aerobars underwent maximal exercise testing and steady state cycling at 50, 100, and 150 W. RESULTS Participants had significantly...

Manual annotation of natural language to capture linguistic information is essential for NLP tasks involving supervised machine learning of semantic knowledge. Judgements of meaning can be more or less subjective, in which case instead of a single correct label, the labels assigned might vary among annotators based on the annotators’ knowledge, age, gender, intuitions, background, and so on. We...

Glycerol kinetics were evaluated during high-intensity exercise in five untrained and five endurance-trained subjects. Glycerol rate of appearance (Ra) in plasma was determined by infusing [2H5]glycerol during rest and 60 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise performed at 70% V02 peak. Mean plasma glycerol concentration was greater in trained than untrained subjects throughout exercise (P<.05). T...

Frequency and intensity ranges in voice production by trained and untrained singers were superimposed onto the average normal human hearing range. The vocal output for all subjects was shown both in Voice Range Profiles and Spectral Level Profiles. Trained singers took greater advantage of the dynamic range of the auditory system with harmonic energy (45% of the hearing range compared to 38% fo...

The aim of the study was to identify differences between trained and untrained subjects with respect to body composition and motor abilities. Two groups of subjects participated in the study: young judoists (110 boys and 56 girls) and their untrained mates (115 boys and 60 girls), aged 11 to 16 years, all from the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Young male judoists proved significantly better th...

The generalization of learning from trained to untrained conditions is of great potential value because it markedly increases the efficacy of practice. In principle, generalization and the learning itself could arise from either the same or distinct neural changes. Here, we assessed these two possibilities in the realm of human perceptual learning by comparing the time course of improvement on ...

Perceptual learning is often orientation and location specific, which may indicate neuronal plasticity in early visual areas. However, learning specificity diminishes with additional exposure of the transfer orientation or location via irrelevant tasks, suggesting that the specificity is related to untrained conditions, likely because neurons representing untrained conditions are neither bottom...