We investigated the impact of employment equity legislation, FCP compliance regulations, and the absence of these requirements on employment equity and diversity practices of Canadian firms. Our results indicate that CEOs of EEA firms have more proactive attitudes towards diversity. EEA firms, and to some extent FCP firms, also indicated higher levels of practices (e.g., policies, recruiting, t...

port efficient allocation of resources and growth in an economy. The ease with which contracts can be enforced varies dramatically across economies. According to data from the World Bank’s Doing Business project, the time required to enforce a contract (from the moment the plaintiff files the lawsuit until payment is made) ranges from about five months in Singapore and seven in New Zealand to m...

Existing testbeds to evaluate reputation systems are mainly simulation based and are not flexible to perform robustness evaluations against unfair rating attacks. In this paper, we present a novel comprehensive testbed, which can evaluate reputation systems using both simulations and real data. The testbed incorporates sophisticated deception models and unfair rating attack models, and introduc...

common ancestor lacked a bacterial protein that would be recognizable as a member of the mitochondrial porin protein family, but had a protein translocase that served to import proteins across the outer mitochondrial membrane. We propose that this protein translocase was of bacterial origin, and had an amino-terminal domain with features common to POTRA domains. In the 'endosymbiont model', ATO...

BACKGROUND Chest radiography is considered as the sole screening tool for chest pathologies as prerequisite for overseas employment during their medical examinations. The aim was to evaluate the role of CXR as a screening tool in the diagnosis of different lung pathologies in general and TB in particular. METHODS In this descriptive case series, reports of 63,648 Pakistani candidates, who too...

This paper studies whether people can avoid punishment by remaining willfully ignorant about possible negative consequences of their actions for others. We employ a laboratory experiment, using modified dictator games in which a dictator can remain willfully ignorant about the payoff consequences of his decision for a receiver. A third party can punish the dictator after observing the dictator’...

Ample correlational evidence exists that perceived unfair treatment is negatively related to well-being, health, and goal striving but the underlying process is unclear. We hypothesized that eVects are due in part to contextual priming of prevention focus and the negative consequences of chronic prevention-focused vigilance. Indeed, reasonable responses to unfair treatment—to avoid situations i...

The current functional MRI study aimed to investigate how responders' fairness considerations and related decision-making processes were affected by social support in the ultimatum game (UG). During scanning, responders either played the standard UG with proposers (control condition) or played the modified UG in which three unknown observers showed social support for responders by acknowledging...

Online rating systems are subject to malicious behaviors mainly by posting unfair rating scores. Users may try to individually or collaboratively promote or demote a product. Collaborating unfair rating ’collusion’ is more damaging than individual unfair rating. Although collusion detection in general has been widely studied, identifying collusion groups in online rating systems is less studied...

OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that chronic exposure to unfair treatment or day-to-day discrimination increases risk for poor health, but data on biological stress mechanisms are limited. This study examined chronic experiences of unfair treatment in relation to allostatic load (AL), a multisystem index of biological dysregulation. METHOD Data are from a sample of 233 African-American...