For many years, two toll bridges served commuter demand to cross the strait called Bosporus in Istanbul, Turkey. An underground connection Eurasian tunnel had been recently launched relieve strait's traffic. We study a simple transportation model that incorporates forces have come into play after opening of tunnel. find for welfare maximisation, premium paid using should be fixed directions and...

urban facilities are necessary components of cities. in all grown and developed cities of the world there are tremendous network of facilities such as water and electric ties, water sewage drainage, water piping and gas piping. that has not been installed in proper depth underground and locations and with growing of the cities and consumption of population. they need to be replaced by excavatin...

As a result of China’s urbanization, it has been common phenomenon that adjacent deep excavations were constructed near underground structures, which can have series detrimental effects on existing tunnels. Thus, is crucial to assess the tunnel response induced by overlying excavation, with aim maintaining safety and serviceability operating The shield idealized as an infinite beam lying upon t...

the hydraulic pressure is one of the most important factors in the design of pressure intake tunnels. since the surrounding media cannot usually resist the high internal pressure of these tunnels, they are usually finished with an adequate lining mostly of reinforced concrete, which is an interaction problem between water, soil or rock and concrete lining. although reinforcing the concrete lini...

Abstract The term extended reality (XR) refers to a family of technologies that cover Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented (AR), and Mixed (MR). main benefit XR is it can offer new viewpoint on the surrounding environment by augmenting with digital data visualizations. Recent developments enable its deployment for rock engineering applications, including underground tunnels. In this paper, we demons...

Based on cell complex theory, after analyzing the corresponding relationship among cell, cell complex and 3D spatial solid, a formal definition for 3D spatial solid is presented. Through analyzing the geometric constructing relationship between cell and cell complex, we induce element boundary define and adhesive relationship existed in 3D spatial object; analyse three kinds of non-manifold cas...

The hydraulic pressure is one of the most important factors in the design of pressure intake tunnels. Since the surrounding media cannot usually resist the high internal pressure of these tunnels, they are usually finished with an adequate lining mostly of reinforced concrete, which is an interaction problem between water, soil or rock and concrete lining. Although reinforcing the concrete lini...

Intensive seismicity was often observed in the front of tabular stopes in South African gold mines. The seismicity was usually caused by high stress concentration due to excavation, and some of the seismic events were fault rupture events. This study focuses on numerical modelling of seismic wave propagation resulted from a moment magnitude Mw = 1.4 seismic even...

Driven by progress in sensor technology, computer software and data processing capabilities, terrestrial laser scanning has recently proved a revolutionary technique for high accuracy, 3D mapping and documentation of physical scenarios and man-made structures. Particularly, this is of great importance in the underground space and tunnel construction environment as surveying engineering operatio...