Ion chambers (ICs) are often employed to measure the concentration of tritium within flowing gases. In real-world environments, active surfaces ICs become covered with tritiated surface contaminants. This contamination creates a large background response that can mask signs interest, which is in gas phase. Previous efforts reduce effects utilize inert coatings (e.g., gold) and low area electrod...

sterilized soils are commonly used for the study of xenobiotic sorption and as an abiotic control in biodegradation experiments. they are also used for the chemical study of nitrogen and carbon cycle processes and the elimination of the biological factors. in this research the effects of different soil sterilization methods such as autoclaving, fumigating and exposure to ultraviolet and microwa...