Recently, researches have been conducted to discover and assess the usage of MPLS tunnels. Indeed, recent developments in the ICMP protocol make certain categories of MPLS tunnels transparent to traceroute probing. Additional techniques have been proposed to reveal the presence of MPLS tunnels when they do not explicitly appear in traceroute. It has been shown that MPLS is a very well deployed ...

Nowadays, the need for wireless communication systems is increasing in transport domain. These systems have to be operational in every type of environment and particularly tunnels for metro applications. These ones can have rectangular, circular or arch-shaped cross section. Furthermore, they can be straight or curved. This article presents a new method to model the radio wave propagation in st...

PURPOSE The objectives of this study were (1) to compare locations of the femoral tunnels created by outside-in and transtibial techniques and the reference data and (2) to compare the diameter of the tunnel entrance based on the real reaming size. METHODS A comparative study was performed with 20 outside-in and 22 transtibial double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients. ...

We study a situation that arises in the somatic evolution of cancer. Consider a finite population of replicating cells and a sequence of mutations: type 0 can mutate to type 1, which can mutate to type 2. There is no back mutation. We start with a homogeneous population of type 0. Mutants of type 1 emerge and either become extinct or reach fixation. In both cases, they can generate type 2, whic...

Nowadays, numerical modelling is increasingly used to assess the stability of tunnels and underground caverns. However, an analysis of the mechanical behaviour of existing brick-lined tunnels remains challenging due to the complex material components. In order to study the mechanical behaviour of the masonry in brick-lined tunnels, this paper proposes a series of small scale physical tunnel mod...

There is little evidence examining the relationship between anatomical landmarks, radiological placement of the tunnels and long-term clinical outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of intra-operative landmarks for placement of the tunnels in single-bundle reconstruction of the ACL using four-strand hamstr...

The capabilities of the ventilation systems in the two road tunnels at Dartford (UK) are analysed using a multi-scale modelling approach. Both tunnels have complex semi-transverse ventilation systems with jet fans to control longitudinal flow. The construction and ventilation systems in the tunnels are described and the current emergency ventilation strategies are presented. The analysis includ...

Flow visualization is an experimental means of examining the flow patterns around a body or over its surface. The flow is “visualized” by introducing dye, smoke or pigment into the flow in the area under investigation. The primary advantage of such a method is its ability to provide a description of the flow over a model without a complicated data reduction and analysis. Smokeflow visualization...