ions have universal value, still requires the aid of instances, analogies and metaphors. The fewness of these abstractions saves the linguistic situation. If we employed, say, a hundred radically different types of connections (still a small number) the task of limiting the misunderstandings due to the variety in our references would have proved impossible. The fundamental connections being thu...

Every term has a meaning but there are terms which have multiple meanings. Identifying the correct meaning of a term in a specific context is the goal of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) applications. Identifying the correct sense of a term given a limited context is even harder. This research aims at solving the problem of identifying the correct sense of a term given only one term as its conte...

Lack of reference in the Holy Qur'an to the verses that Allah intended to be taken either literally or allegorically has left the door open for some sectarian interpreters to deliberately ignore the Qur'anic literal meaning and opt only for the allegorical meanings, with a view of distorting the underlying significance of this great book. This paper does not intend to show that the literal mean...

Predicate logic is a sub-discipline of logic that had its roots in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, though it had to wait until the second decade of the twentieth century for a solid foundation. Like any other logic, it is concerned with the validity of arguments, though not of any kind: its interest lies in reasoning about what is universally true. As such, predicate logic is especi...

To test theoretical predictions about the role of meaning connections in false memory, the effects of semantic cues and list repetition on children’s false memories were evaluated across early childhood to midadolescence using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. True recall and false recall increased from 7 to 13 years. Study list repetition increased true recall of list words with the...

This paper relates to the assessment of the argument of the poverty of the stimulus in that we measure the number of true proportional analogies between chunks in a language with case markers, Japanese. On a bicorpus of 20,000 sentences, we show that at least 96% of the analogies of form between chunks are also analogies of meaning, thus reporting the presence of at least two million true analo...

Proof theory is the study of why a proposition is true in a system, as opposed to the study of which propositions are true. In ordinary classical logic all proofs of the same proposition are indistinguishable, so its proof theory is essentially nonexistent. Polarized logic aims to fill this void as a rich proof theory with classical reasoning principles. In this report we examine polarized logi...

The world is too complex to manage without radical functional simplification. Meaning appears to exist as the basis for such simplification. The meaning that guides functional simplification may be usefully considered as consisting of three classes. The first class consists of meanings of the determinate world. These are meanings based in motivation, emotion, and personal and social identity. F...

Language is important in social science theories. We employ a number of terms taken from ordinary speech, thus importing ambiguity and opaqueness. The remedy to introduce explications, i.e., making stipulations about meaning. risk involved the analytic statement, treating sentences as true by definition or