Amazonian rain forest-savanna boundaries are highly sensitive to climatic change and may also play an important role in rain forest speciation. However, their dynamics over millennial time scales are poorly understood. Here, we present late Quaternary pollen records from the southern margin of Amazonia, which show that the humid evergreen rain forests of eastern Bolivia have been expanding sout...

1 Center for Tropical Forest Science – Arnold Arboretum Asia Program, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; 2 Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama, Panama; 3 Thai National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Research Office, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; and 4 For...

The objective of this work is to compare various ET models based on a standard dataset. We selected 9 ET models for comparison, including three surface energy balance residual models (SEBS, TSEB-P and TSEB-S), four Penman-Monteith models (PM-Mu, PM-Yuan, PM-Sun and PM-SW), one Priestly-Taylor model (PT-Fi) and one semi-empirical statiacital model (ST). ET is evaluated using surface climate data...

Different forest vegetations provide herbivorous small mammals with different resources, forcing adaptation since food habits depend on available resources. We expect differences in vegetation to be reflected the size and shape of skull mandible as a result potentially feeding Therefore, we analyzed craniomandibular characteristics Pallas’s squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) Vietnam. This speci...

The evapotranspiration / potential evapotranspiration (AET /PET) ratio is traditionally termed as the crop coefficient (Kc) and has been generally used as ecosystem evaporative stress index. In the current hydrology literature, Kc has been widely used as a parameter to estimate crop water demand by water managers but has not been well examined for other types of ecosystems such as forests and o...

Deforestation and habitat loss are widely expected to precipitate an extinction crisis among tropical forest species. Humans cause deforestation, and humans living in rural settings have the greatest impact on extant forest area in the tropics. Current human demographic trends, including slowing population growth and intense urbanization, give reason to hope that deforestation will slow, natura...

1. Before Biodiversity Management: A Short Historical Background 2. Forest Habitats and Biodiversity 3. The Rain Forests of Southern Nigeria: A Case Study 4. Managing Well-Known Forest Sites 4.1. Temperate Forests 4.2. Tropical Forests 4.3. People's Dependence on Forest Resources and Institutional Alternatives for Sustainable Management of the Tropical Forests 4.4. Assessing Conservation Priori...

Deforestation and habitat loss are widely expected to precipitate an extinction crisis among tropical forest species. Humans cause deforestation, and humans living in rural settings have the greatest impact on extant forest area in the tropics. Current human demographic trends, including slowing population growth and intense urbanization, give reason to hope that deforestation will slow, natura...

Large, pristine, uninhabited parks are the defining criterion of success in conserving tropical forests, according to some conservationists. It is argued that human residents in tropical forests inevitably deplete populations of large animals through hunting, triggering a chain reaction of ecological events that greatly diminish the conservation value of these forests. Hence, the removal of peo...

Deforestation in the tropics is not only responsible for direct carbon emissions but also extends the forest edge wherein trees suffer increased mortality. Here we combine high-resolution (30 m) satellite maps of forest cover with estimates of the edge effect and show that 19% of the remaining area of tropical forests lies within 100 m of a forest edge. The tropics house around 50 million fores...