traumatic brain injury (tbi) can be caused by a wide variety of stimuli and encompasses a large range of severities. tbi has the potential for long-term and gradually increased susceptibility for behavioral disturbances, seizure disorders or neurodegenerative disease. in the healthy central nervous system (cns), astrocytes play important roles in preserving the homeostasis of ions, transmitters...

traumatic brain injury (tbi) is physical damage to the brain structure which has a high global rate of mortality and morbidity. tbi can cause intense inflammatory response due to accumulation of leukocytes in cerebral matrix and activation of microglia. microglia can differentiate into m1 macrophages or m2 macrophages following the changes in biochemical properties of brain tissue. m1 sub type ...

This article reviews possible ways that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can induce migraine-type post-traumatic headaches (PTHs) in children, adults, civilians, and military personnel. Several cerebral alterations resulting from TBI can foster the development of PTH, including neuroinflammation that can activate neural systems associated with migraine. TBI can also compromise the intrinsic pain mo...

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with most trauma-related deaths. Secondary brain injury is the leading cause of in-hospital deaths after traumatic brain injury. By early prevention and slowing of the initial pathophysiological mechanism of secondary brain injury, pre-hospital service can significantly reduce case-fatality rates of TBI. In China, the incidence of TBI is inc...

M ild traumatic brain injury (m-TBI) is a public health problem, particularly in veterans and athletes. Often synonymous with ‘‘concussion,’’ m-TBI is head injury accompanied by acute-phase characteristics, such as alteration of consciousness. m-TBI can lead to chronic neuropsychological symptoms, known as postconcussive syndrome (PCS), and has been linked to chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a...

to determine the prevalence of pituitary hormone deficiencies after moderate traumatic brain injury (tbi). we conducted a prospective cohort and included 75 patients with moderate tbi with gcs between 9 and 13 who referred to emergency department of shariati hospital, tehran/iran, during 2004-2007. pituitary hormones were assessed 3 and 6 months after injury. in 3rd month post-injury, 39 cases ...

mycotic aneurysm of external carotid artery is extremely rare. we herein report a case of external carotid artery (eca) aneurysm following severe traumatic brain injury. a 24-year-old man with severe traumatic brain injury (tbi) following a car accident was referred to rajaee trauma center emergency room affiliated to shiraz university of medical sciences in shiraz, iran. he underwent ventricul...

estrogen (e2) has neuroprotective effects on blood-brain-barrier (bbb) after traumatic brain injury (tbi). in order to investigate the roles of estrogen receptors (ers) in these kind of effects, er-α antagonist (mpp) and, er-β antagonist (phtpp), or non-selective estrogen receptors antagonist (ici 182780) were administered as regulators of cns cytokines levels and neuroinflammation after tbi. m...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of disability in modern society. The World Health Organization has predicted that, by 2020, traffic accidents will represent the greatest burden of global disease and injury. Brain injury after trauma occurs in two stages. Primary injury is directly associated with the biomechanical effects of the trauma, whereas secondary injury occurs la...

The prevalence and nature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is controversial because of the apparent paradox of suffering PTSD with impaired memory for the traumatic event. In this study, 1167 survivors of traumatic injury (MTBI: 459, No TBI: 708) were assessed for PTSD symptoms and post-traumatic amnesia during hospitalization, and were subse...