A gauge transformation in quantum electrodynamics involves the product of field operators at the same space-time point and hence does not have a well-defined meaning. One way to avoid this difficulty is to generalize the gauge transformation by using different space-time points in the spirit of Dirac's point splitting. Such a generalization indeed exists and the resulting generalized infinitesi...

Displacive transformations involve the disciplined motion of atoms. As a result, there are clearly defined relationships between all aspects of the parent and product lattices. The theory for this is well established but has not been exploited in the calculation of transformation textures. This paper is a critical assessment of the methods for the estimation of crystallographic textures during ...

The computer algebra system (CAS) is a software that is used for various symbolic computations like simplification and differentiation. CAS are based on the transformation rules that rearrange expressions according to the mathematical laws. We consider development of CAS in the .NET Framework. Currently, there is only one .NET software product with some features of symbolic computations, and no...

The development of complex systems becomes increasingly difficult. The diversity and number of tools necessary to develop such a system is extensive. One solution to exchange engineering data between these tools is the Standard for Product Data Exchange (STEP), ISO 10303. It offers domain specific database schema called application protocols. This paper analyses the problems of the data exchang...

an efficient transformation system for the medicinal plant portulaca oleracea was established using agropine-type agrobacterium rhizogenes atcc15834. hairy roots were obtained directly from cotyledon leaves explants seven days after inoculation with the bacteria. the highest transformation efficiency was obtained from cotyledon leaves explants, and amounted to 53.3% within two weeks. roots grew...

This paper is concerned with accurate computations for matrix multiplication. An error-free transformation of matrix multiplication is developed by the authors. It transforms a product of two floatingpoint matrices to a sum of several floating-point matrices by using only floating-point arithmetic. This transformation is useful not only for accurate matrix multiplication but also for interval e...

Using holonomy decomposition, the absence of certain types of cycles in automata has been characterized. In the direction of studying the structure of automata with cycles, this paper focuses on a special class of semi-flower automata and establish the holonomy decomposition of certain circular semiflower automata. In particular, we show that the transformation monoid of a circular semi-flower ...

The Lorentz n–group is the group of “isometries” (transformations preserving the inner product) of Minkowski space, fixing 0, and preserving the time direction. This implies that a Lorentz transformation is an linear isomorphism of Rn as a vector space. If, in addition to preserving the time direction, we also preserve space orientation then the group can be denoted SO(1, n − 1). Notice that a ...

Radiation Damage, Amino Acid Transformation, Electron Microscopy For the transformation o f glutamic acid into a-aminobutyric acid upon irradiation a decarboxylation mechanism involving the formation of C 0 2 has been proposed pre­ viously. Here we present further experimental evidence in favour of this mechanism. Additionally the formation of CO as a decarboxylation product has been detected; ...

Transformation of fibroblast cells by v-abl oncogene involved overexpression of the c-myc (5) or of the cellular protein p53 (6). Two proto-oncogenes, cmyc and c-K-ras, have been shown to cooperate in the transformation of secondary rat embryo fibroblasts (7). Oncogenic activation of c-myc occurs mainly through constituve and elevated expression of its gene product and generally requires cooper...