The Furstenberg-Zimmer structure theorem for Z actions says that every measurepreserving system can be decomposed into a tower of primitive extensions. Furstenberg and Katznelson used this analysis to prove the multidimensional Szemerédi’s theorem, and Bergelson and Liebman further generalized to a polynomial Szemerédi’s theorem. Beleznay and Foreman showed that, in general, this tower can have...