Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) encompasses all forms of research and clinical applications of electrical currents to the brain noninvasively using (at least one) electrodes on the head. The dose of tES is defined by the electrode montage and the stimulation waveform applied to the electrode [1]. There has been a resurgence of interest since 2000, but “modern” tES developed incrementa...

[1] Horvath JC, Forte JD, Carter O. Quantitative review finds no evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul 2015;8(3):535e50. [2] Boggio PS, Nunes A, Rigonatti SP, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F. Repeated sessions of noninvasive brain DC stimulation is associated with motor function improvement in ...

The study of the metaplasticity-based transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols is an extensively studied approach to increase effectiveness stimulation. However, effects with different intervals between TMS blocks on cognitive functions are poorly understood. was aimed assess two theta-burst (iTBS) short and long working memory (WM) performance in healthy volunteers. A total 16 partici...

BACKGROUND Several recent studies suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can temporarily reduce pain perception in neuropathic pain patients and in healthy adults using laboratory pain models. No studies have investigated the effects of prefrontal cortex stimulation using transcranial magnetic stimulation on postoperative pain. METHODS Twenty gastric bypass surgery patients...

Motor responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation OMS) or transcranial electrical stimulation (TCS) can be facilitated by a prior conditioning stimulus to an afferent nerve. Two facilitation periods are described short (SI), when the nerve stimulus is given near 0 to 10 ms after cranial stimulation, and long (LI), when nerve stimulation is given 25-60 ms before the cranial stimula...

[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to determine whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve sensory recovery of the lower extremities in subacute-stage spinal cord injury patients. [Subjects and Methods] This study was conducted on 20 subjects with diagnosed paraplegia due to spinal cord injury. These 20 subjects were allocated to an experimental group of 10 subject...