During the past 20 years, non-invasive brain stimulation has become an emerging field in clinical neuroscience due to its capability to transiently modulate corticospinal excitability, motor and cognitive functions. Whereas transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used extensively since more than two decades ago as a potential "neuromodulator", transcranial current stimulation (tCS) has more ...

Transcranial direct current stimulation is coming of age with the large treatment study published in this issue. We review transcranial stimulation methods, their efficacy and the likely impact on National Health Service (NHS) practice. Their use in individuals who do not respond to or cannot tolerate medication should now be explored in large controlled naturalistic studies in the NHS.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies based on muscle responses (motor-evoked potentials) suggested that reduced motor inhibition contributes to hyperactivity, a core symptom of the disease. Here we employed the N100 component of the electroencephalographic response to transcranial ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Microemboli have been implicated in the etiology of neuropsychological deficits after cardiopulmonary bypass. This study examined the incidence of high-intensity transcranial signals (microemboli) and their relation to changes in neuropsychological performance after surgery. METHODS Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure middle cerebral artery blood fl...

PURPOSE To investigate the usefulness of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of intracranial pressure changes after head injury. METHODS Transcranial Doppler examinations and intracranial pressure measurements using intraparenchymal monitors were performed in 12 cases of closed head injury. Twenty-four sets of data, including the Glasgow Coma Scale, intracranial pressure, t...

BACKGROUND The etiology of stroke, a severe complication of sickle cell anemia, involves inflammatory processes. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of interleukin-10 polymorphisms and haplotypes on the risk of acute cerebral ischemia and high-risk transcranial Doppler in 395 children with sickle cell anemia from the state of Min...

BACKGROUND The project proposes three innovative intervention techniques (treadmill training, mobility training with virtual reality and transcranial direct current stimulation that can be safely administered to children with cerebral palsy. The combination of transcranial stimulation and physical therapy resources will provide the training of a specific task with multiple rhythmic repetitions ...

1 Depressive Disorders Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Abstract Objective: In recent years, a number of new somatic (non-pharmacological treatments) have been developed for the treatment of major depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Among these, one of the most promising is transcranial direct current stimulation. Meth...

The unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels and sinuses in the human skull and the brain, the prevalence of a high density of skin appendages in the scalp, extracranial vessels of the scalp communicating with the brain via emissary veins and most importantly, the way that the scalp is used in Ayurvedic medical system in treating diseases associated with the brain show that a drug could b...

Two chronic, traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases are presented, where cognitive function improved following treatment with transcranial light emitting diodes (LEDs). At age 59, P1 had closed-head injury from a motor vehicle accident (MVA) without loss of consciousness and normal MRI, but unable to return to work as development specialist in internet marketing, due to cognitive dysfunction. At 7 ...