BACKGROUND Local administration of opioids causes effective analgesia without adverse effects related to the central nervous system. After the beneficial demonstration of peripheral opioid receptors in joint synovia, intra-articular opioid injections were used for pain treatment. Clinical studies have reported the safety and efficacy of hyaluronate injection in the shoulder joint of patients wi...

The objective of this study was to compare, in client-owned patients, the analgesic effects of the centrally acting analgesics tramadol and buprenorphine in continuous intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol. The study included forty dogs aged two to seven years and weighing 6–27 kg undergoing prophylactic dental treatment. The animals were classified into ASA (American Society of Anaesthe...

Neuropathic pain is the result of injury to the nervous system, and different animal models have been established to meet the manifestations of neuropathy. The pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain includes gabapentin and tramadol, but these are only partially effective when given alone. The aim of this study was to assess the antinociceptive interaction between both drugs using the isobolograph...

The influence of CYP2D6 genotype and CYP2D6 inhibitors on enantiomeric plasma levels of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol as well as response to tramadol was investigated. One hundred and seventy-four patients received one hundred intravenous tramadol 3 mg/kg for postoperative analgesia. Blood samples drawn 30, 90, and 180 min after administration were analyzed for plasma concentrations of the e...

Neuropathic pain is a refractory clinical problem. Certain drugs, such as tramadol, proved useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain by inhibiting the activity of nociceptive neurons. Moreover, studies indicated that suppression or modulation of glial activation could prevent or reverse neuropathic pain, for example with the microglia inhibitor minocycline. However, few present clinical ther...

Polymorphic CYP2D6 is the enzyme that activates the opioid analgesic tramadol by O-demethylation to its active metabolite O-demethyltramadol (M1). Our objective was to determine the opioid effects measured by pupillary response to tramadol of CYP2D6 genotyped volunteers in relation to the disposition of tramadol and M1 in plasma. Tramadol displayed phenotypic pharmacokinetics and it was possibl...

Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is used in outpatient hand surgery as an easily applicable and cost-effective technique with clinical advantages. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of addition of systemic tramadol or adjunct tramadol to lidocaine for IVRA in patients undergoing hand surgery. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II patients (n = 60) who underwent ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To compare the analgesic efficacy of tramadol alone (1.5 mg kg(-1)) with a tramadol (1 mg kg(-1)) and paracetamol combination in day-care laparoscopic patients. METHODS The analgesic efficacy of intravenous tramadol alone (1.5 mg kg(-1)) (group T) was compared with a combination of intravenous tramadol (1 mg kg(-1)) and oral paracetamol 1 g (group TP) in 60 day-care l...

BACKGROUND Intramuscular (i.m.) tramadol increases gastric pH during anaesthesia similar to famotidine. We investigated the antacid analgesic value of a single dose of i.m. tramadol given 1 h before elective Caesarean section performed under general anaesthesia. METHODS Sixty ASA I parturients undergoing elective Caesarean section were included in a randomized double-blind study. The patients...

Despite progress in pain management, chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) represents still a clinical challenge. The efficacy and safety profile of tramadol make it suitable as a long-term treatment in a variety of CNCP conditions. New once-daily (OD) formulations of tramadol have been marketed in various countries, in order to offer the advantage of a reduced dosing regimen and to improve patients' ...