Melittin, which acts as a membrane-disrupting lytic peptide, is not only cytotoxic to tumors, but also vital to normal cells. Melittin had low toxicity when coupled with target peptides. Despite significant research development with the fused toxin, a new fused toxin is needed which has a cleavable linker such that the fused toxin can release melittin after protease cleavage on the tumor cell s...

Protopalythoa is a zoanthid that, together with thousands of predominantly marine species, such as hydra, jellyfish, and sea anemones, composes the oldest eumetazoan phylum, i.e., the Cnidaria. Some of these species, such as sea wasps and sea anemones, are highly venomous organisms that can produce deadly toxins for preying, for defense or for territorial disputes. Despite the fact that hundred...

Maurocalcine (MCa) is a 33-amino-acid residue peptide toxin isolated from the scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus. External application of MCa to cultured myotubes is known to produce Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. MCa binds directly to the skeletal muscle isoform of the ryanodine receptor, an intracellular channel target of the endoplasmic reticulum, and induces long lasting channel open...

The crystal delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is less toxic to larvae of Anopheles freeborni than to larvae of Aedes aegypti. However, when solubilized crystal was used, larvae from both species showed similar sensitivities. This effect presumably was due to the differences in feeding behavior between the two mosquito larvae when crystal preparations are used. A proce...

The present review article explains the salient features of hornet venom toxins, their physiological, biological and pharmacological effect on animals man. Hornets sting very fast inflict venom, which is more dangerous than those bees. Hornet contains both proteinaceous non-proteinaceous peptides i.e. scapin, adolapin, mellitin, mastoparans enzymes, mainly phospholipase hyaluronidase, show mult...

The molecular mechanisms and forces involved in the translocation of bacterial toxins into host cells are still a matter intense research. adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin from Bordetella pertussis displays unique intoxication pathway which its catalytic domain is directly translocated across target cell membranes. CyaA region contains segment, P454 (residues 454–484), exhibits membrane-active pr...

Abstract The nosocomial pathogen Clostridioides difficile colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of patients following microbiome disruption and secretes two major virulence factors toxin A (TcdA) B (TcdB). Approximately 25% infected with C. experience recurrent infection, rate recurrence increases each subsequent infection. quality protective capacity adaptive immune response generated infection...

Objective: In the current study, we aimed to elicit a BoNT-specific immune response via using peptides designed by bioinformatics tools instead of intact native BoNT A toxin itself and demonstrate usage these anti-peptide antibodies in detection system. Methods: Synthetic epitopic regions specific LC, HN HC were selected as antigen B cell “Epitope Prediction Tools” form IEDB shown be on surface...

We examined the block of voltage-dependent rat skeletal muscle sodium channels by derivatives of mu-conotoxin GIIIA (muCTX) having either histidine, glutamate, or alanine residues substituted for arginine-13. Toxin binding and dissociation were observed as current fluctuations from single, batrachotoxin-treated sodium channels in planar lipid bilayers. R13X derivatives of muCTX only partially b...