"Intrinsic" and "idiosyncratic" drug-induced liver injury reactions are commonly thought to arise by different modes of action. Intrinsic toxicity is reproducible in animals and occurs dose-dependently at sublethal doses. Environmental and genetic sensitivity factors can influence the toxicity of intrinsic hepatotoxicants. Among these is inflammatory stress. For example, exposure of mice to inf...

BACKGROUND In Ireland, 30% of non-fatal overdoses involve paracetamol. AIMS To determine how and where patients obtained paracetamol, to assess awareness of toxicity and examine the relationship between dose and suicidal intent. METHODS A prospective study of patients admitted following a paracetamol overdose recording their reasons for using paracetamol, their knowledge of its toxicity and...

Continual reassessment method (CRM) is a model-based dose escalation method commonly used to design a phase 1 trial in oncology when evaluating one agent. The main characteristics include the definition of a working model for dose levels, an acceptable level of toxicity (target) and a model defining the dose-toxicity relationship (for example, power or logistic function). This relationship is u...

Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) were developed to predict toxicity of chlorophenols by correlating LC50 values with five molecular descriptors, chosen to represent lipophilic, electronic and steric effects: the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log K(ow)), the constant of Hammett (sigma sigma), the acid dissociation constant (pKa), the order valence molecular connectivi...

The herbicide glyphosate has undergone multiple safety tests for developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits. The European Commission's 2002 review of available glyphosate data discusses specific heart defects observed in several individual rabbit developmental toxicity studies, but describes the evidence for a potential causal relationship as equivocal. The present assessment was undertaken to ...

UNLABELLED Renal toxicity associated with small-molecule radionuclide therapy has been shown to be dose-limiting for many clinical studies. Strategies for maximizing dose to the target tissues while sparing normal critical organs based on absorbed dose and biologic response parameters are commonly used in external-beam therapy. However, radiopharmaceuticals passing though the kidneys result in ...

Salinization of freshwater ecosystems as a result of human activities has markedly increased in recent years. Much attention is currently directed at evaluating the effects of increased salinity on freshwater biota. In the Central Appalachian region of the eastern United States, specific conductance from alkaline discharges associated with mountain top mining practices has been implicated in ma...