This paper presents a universal engineering model, which can be used to formulate both counterflow and crossflow cooling towers. By using fundamental laws of mass and energy balance, the effectiveness of heat exchange is approximated by a second order polynomial equation. Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt methods are then used to determine the coefficients from manufactures data. Compared wi...

the world largest adobe citadel in bam (arg-e bam) was damaged seriously in the 26 december 2003 earthquake. since then many studies and researches have been done to restore this historical complex. one of the first structures in the citadel for which a restoration plan was prepared over a project was adobe tower no. 32. the objective of this project was studying the seismic behaviour of the to...

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Stability properties of “magnetic tower” jets propagating in the gravitationally stratified background have been examined by performing three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The current-carrying, Poynting flux-dominated magnetic tower jet, which possesses a highly wound helical magnetic field, is subject to the current-driven instability (CDI). We find that, under general physical ...

Two techniques have been applied increasingly in recent years for monitoring the response of tall buildings to wind: the traditional accelerometer and GPS. The focus of this paper is to study how the two sensors perform relative to each other, and in particular the value of GPS measurements in improving wind effect modelling. The test site is a 192m high office tower in downtown Sydney (with a ...

Based on space temperature field test in solid tower of extradosed cable-stayed bridge, the method to calculate the space temperature field in solid concrete bridge tower is put forward systematically. By defining a series of meteorological parameters and concrete thermal parameters, the bridge tower temperature distribution is gotten. Compared with the experimental data, error is found within ...

We examine the “homotopy coniveau tower” for a general cohomology theory on smooth k-schemes, satisfying some natural axioms, and give a new proof that the layers of this tower for K-theory agree with motivic cohomology. We show how these constructions lead to a tower of functors on the Morel-Voevodsky stable homotopy category, and identify this stable homotopy coniveau tower with Voevodsky’s s...

In steam power plants, any improvement in the cooling towers thermal performance will cause the condenser's temperature to decrease; which in turn enhances the power plant's efficiency. Due to water shortage, many power plants all around the world rely on natural draft dry cooling towers (Heller type). In these cooling towers, condenser's exit hot water is pumped to vertical or horizontal finne...