A web-based model was used to simulate the impact of aeration on population growth of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), in stored rough rice, Oryza sativa L., at Beaumont, TX. Simulations were run for each of 10 yr with 1 August as the start date; 31 December as the end date; beginning populations of 2.5 adults per metric ton (1000 k...

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) differentiation in a rat model of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). GAP‑43 and short hairpin (sh)RNA‑GAP‑43 were inserted into pGLV5 and pGLV3 lentiviral vectors, respectively. The stable control, GAP‑43‑overexpression and GAP‑43‑knockdown cell lines (GFP/B...

Economists have almost uniformly treated anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions as a market failure, requiring government measures to counterbalance the negative externality. William Nordhaus, a pioneer and leader in the field, uses the latest calibration of his DICE model to determine the “optimal” time-indexed carbon tax, starting at $42 per ton (of carbon, not ton of CO2) in 2015 and rising ...

The sulfur dioxide (SO2) cap and trade program established in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments is celebrated for reducing abatement costs ($0.7 to $2.1 billion per year) by allowing emissions allowances to be traded. Unfortunately, places with high marginal costs also tend to have high marginal damages. Ton-for-ton trading reduces emissions in low damage areas (rural) while increasing emission...

an annual rate of 7 percent since 1986 with 371 million broilers produced in 1994. Broiler litter (mixture of poultry excreta, bedding material, wasted feed and feathers) is usually removed from the poultry houses on an annual basis. Because of its high nutrient content, poultry litter is usually applied to agricultural land as fertilizer with an economic value of $20 to $30/ton. Broiler litter...

We estimate the profitability of producing biochar from crop residue (corn stover) for two scenarios. The first employs slow pyrolysis to generate biochar and pyrolysis gas and has the advantage of high yields of char (as much as 40 wt-%) but the disadvantage of producing a relatively low-value energy product (pyrolysis gas of modest heating value). The second scenario employs fast pyrolysis to...