In this study, the effects of adding ethanol and diethyl ether to diesel fuel on combustion characteristics NO emissions were numerically investigated. 100% (D100) by volume 90% diesel+10% blend (D90E10), 80% diesel+20% (D80E20), ethanol+10% (D80E10DEE10) 85% diesel+ 10% ethanol+5% mixture (D85E10DEE5) was used as fuel. Analyzes carried out using a single cylinder direct injection engine at 200...

Experiments were conducted in a laboratory flume using an artificial seagrass meadow, modeled after Zostera marina , to examine the impact of waves on vertical structure time-averaged current, Reynolds stress, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) under combined wave-current conditions. With addition smaller waves, defined by ratio wave velocity current U w /U c < 2.5, peaked above which wa...

The interaction between a weakly turbulent free stream and hypersonic shock wave is investigated theoretically by using linear analysis (LIA). formulation developed in the limit which thickness of thermochemical nonequilibrium region downstream shock, where relaxation toward vibrational chemical equilibrium occurs, assumed to be much smaller than characteristic size wrinkles caused turbulence. ...

Approximately 10% of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) include Tetralogy Fallot (TOF). Fortunately, due to advanced surgical techniques, most patients survive until adulthood. However, these require frequent monitoring for postoperative complications leading hemodynamic alterations. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), as derived from 4D-flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D-flow MRI), has been used ch...

Studying airflow characteristics in the human respiratory system is important for understanding properties of aerosol transport and deposition. This study first constructed a whole-lung airway model (WLAM) with random features extending from mouth to 13th generation bronchus. The large eddy simulation method utilized investigate both averaged fields flow unsteadiness under inspiratory rates 15 ...

Consider an interoretive device that in some manner keeps track of individuals that have been mentioned iu a discourse and what has been said about them. One feature any such device must have is to he able to recognize wPen a novel individual aopears in so~e sentence. For examole, in Drocessin~ sentence (1), it N~st recognize that the NP a car refers to some yet unmentioned object, which in the...

Plant canopy reflectance is calculated usinlg the got~ernin~ equation f)r photon transport. The integral equation of tran.sfer is solved by the Monte Carlo method. The main emphasis is on statistical estimation and simulation of the Marcov chain. The leaf dimensions are taken into account in obtaining the hot-spot effect of the canopy. Finally, nmnerieal results fi~r transport equation obtained...

A&met-Wang alebra is defined by three rules: i) go =yx; ii) x + x = 0; and iii) xx =O. K. T. Wang showed that these rules give a shortcut method for finding tbe joint resistance (or driving point reshance) of an electrical network. However, there are electrical systems more general than the KIrckhoff network. For these system regular matroids repiace‘ networks. It is shown in this paper that Wa...

Large-eddy simulation (LES) has been adopted to study wind turbine wakes because it can capture fine-scale details of turbulent flows and interactions with turbines. Here, we use the LES version Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model an actuator disk gain insights on several wake effects that have traditionally difficult measure. The first finding is a “dual nature,” meaning speed deficit beh...