In a digital communication system, the analog signal that the receiver receives with its radio frequency front end is converted into digital format by using the analog-to-digital converter (A/D converter, ADC). Quantisation takes place during the conversion from continuous amplitude signal to discrete amplitude signal, leading inevitably to losses in information which are dependent on the numbe...

There are several application areas where the simultaneous measurement of rates of rotation about three mutually orthogonal axes is required. In this paper the principle features of a 3-axis vibrating ring gyroscope are described. The fabrication process for the gyroscope is presented and employs standard MEMS techniques. The modal properties for the ring are measured experimentally using laser...

In this paper, we present a high accuracy laser range finder and velocimeter using ultra-fast time-to-digital converter (TDC). The system operation is based on the measuring the round-trip time of a narrow laser pulse. A low-dark current high-speed PIN photodiode is used to detect the triggered laser beam and to produce start signal. The pulsed laser diode generates 45W optical power at 30ns du...

A direct virtual power control algorithm is presented in this paper for VSC-HVDC startup. This control algorithm is based on direct power control (DPC) and expands the range of DPC. When the VSC converter AC side open circuit or the AC side current is zero, the control algorithm maintains the DPC feedback loop by introducing a virtual power, so that the DPC is able to control the AC output volt...

Cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac) are immunosuppressive drugs used in the majority of patients with solid organ transplants, generally in combination with a wide range of drugs. CsA and Tac seem not only to be substrates of CYP3A but have also been described as inhibitors of CYP3A. For CsA, in particular, inhibition of CYP3A has been suggested as the main mechanism of interactions seen ...

In many signal processing applications, an appropriate measure to compare two signals plays a fundamental role in both implementing the algorithm and evaluating its performance. Several techniques have been introduced in literature as similarity measures. However, the existing measures are often either impractical for some applications or they have unsatisfactory results in some other applicati...

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a new standard for highspeed wireless communication that covers wider area than that of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). In the WiMAX, the original data are first mapped on the symbols of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), or 64 QAM, depending on the data speed. The complex numbers of the ...