Poland syndrome is a rare congenital disease characterized by various degrees of chest wall defects, such as deficits in the small thoracic muscle and defects neuromuscular region muscle. In addition, this condition may present with loss or weak development papilla breasts can be accompanied brachydactyly, syndactyly, limb hands feet on same side. also cause deformities heart, lungs, kidneys. T...

Studies devoted to understanding locomotor control have mainly addressed the functioning of the neural circuits controlling leg movements and relatively little is known of the operation of networks that activate trunk muscles in coordination with limb movements. The aim of the present work was (1) to identify the exogenous neurotransmitter cocktail that most strongly activates postural thoracic...

A 7-year-old Dachshund was presented with chronic left thoracic limb lameness and acute neurological deficits to the hind limbs following trauma. A lesion was suspected between C7 and T2 on the basis of neurological examinations. Radiography and myelography identified a calcified intervertebral disk at C7-T1 and an extradural unilateral compressive lesion at T1-2. Computed tomography scans of t...

between species, but between different segments on the same animal. They have limbs specially adapted for walking, eating, grooming, swimming, mating, sensing the surrounding environment, brooding young, spearing prey, scraping surfaces and even snapping to make noise. Lobsters provide a good example of the limb diversity that can exist on even a single individual — the thoracic and abdominal a...

Extraneural metastases of intracranial germinoma are rarely reported. The authors describe the first case of metastatic lung germinoma of the thoracic spine. A 27-year-old man presented with right shoulder pain and right upper limb weakness. He had a history of repetitive radiation therapy - nine (whole-abdomen; 15Gy), 12 (whole brain; 30Gy, whole spine 42Gy) and 14 years ago (local; 32Gy) - fo...

Thoracic outlet syndrome is the result of compression or irritation of neurovascular bundles as they pass from the lower cervical spine into the arm, via the axilla. If the pectoralis minor muscle is involved the patient may present with chest pain, along with pain and paraesthesia into the arm. These symptoms are also commonly seen in patients with chest pain of a cardiac origin. In this case,...