background: pioglitazone from thiazolidinediones generation, represent a new antidiabetic drugs that have been introduced in the world recently. thiazolidinediones can improve insulin resistance by activating the nuclear peroxoxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (ppar-γ) and increasing insulin sensitivity in their receptors. insulin and its receptors are found in specific areas of cns with...

Betaine hydrochloride (BHC), as an ionic salt was found to be an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 4-thiazolidinediones. The methodology of study was achieved by one-pot condensation of aromatic aldehydes, aromatic amine and mercaptoacetic acid in the presence of betaine hydrochloride (BHC) at reflux temperature in ethanol as solvent. The efficiency of Betaine hydro...

Several thiazolidinedione derivatives (3-7) were designed and synthesized as candidate thyromimetic drugs. Among them, the dihydrogenated compounds, such as 5-2-[[4-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)oxy-3,5-diiodophenyl] ethyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (6b) and its 3-isopropyl analog (7b), exhibited potent thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TR alpha 1) activation activity.

cardiovascular morbidity and mortality at least four times higher compared to patients without diabetes. Moreover, it is well established nowadays that the cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients without a history of a prior myocardial infarction is similar to the risk of nondiabetic patients who have already had one. Hence, the reduction of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients usin...

Insulin resistance is a change in physiologic regulation such that a fixed dose of insulin causes less of an effect on glucose metabolism than occurs in normal individuals. The normal compensatory response to insulin resistance is an increase in insulin secretion that results in hyperinsulinemia. If the hyperinsulinemia is sufficient to overcome the insulin resistance, glucose regulation remain...

Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus (DM) are widespread diseases have a significant health burden. Type-1 (T1DM) Type-2 (T2DM) associated with an increased bone fracture. In T1DM, the risk of fracture is low mass. patients T2DM, due to quality bone, despite mineral density (BMD). type 2 diabetic patients, fragility depends on instead reduction in Thiazolidinediones (TZD) cause differentiation ad...