The wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer, transmits at least three harmful viruses, wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), high plains virus (HPV), and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) throughout the Great Plains. This virus complex is considered to be the most serious disease of winter wheat in the western Great Plains. One component of managing this disease has be...

The causes of persistent droughts and wet periods, or pluvials, over western North America are examined in model simulations of the period from 1856 to 2000. The simulations used either (i) global sea surface temperature data as a lower boundary condition or (ii) observed data in just the tropical Pacific and computed the surface ocean temperature elsewhere with a simple ocean model. With both ...

Introduction: Rembrandt impact basin (~715 km in diameter) is one the largest and most well-preserved impact basins on Mercury [1]. Crater density measurements indicate that Rembrandt is comparable in age to the Caloris impact basin, the largest and also one of the youngest basins on Mercury [e.g., 2, 3]. The basin rim-crest is visible and several massifs define an inner ring approximately 450 ...

The John Day region of central Oregon, United States contains ?50 million years near-continuous, fossiliferous sedimentation, representing one the world’s richest archives Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems and climate. Stable isotope proxy data from this are commonly used to infer elevation history Cascades, which intercept westerly moisture in transit region. However, Blue Mountains, accreted Me...

Knowledge of the many mechanisms of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) transmission is critical for understanding of the epidemiology of sporadic disease outbreaks in the western United States. Migratory grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)] have been implicated as reservoirs and mechanical vectors of VSV. The grasshopper-cattle-grasshopper transmission cycle is based on the assumptio...

Relationships between the interannual variability of the U.S. summer precipitation regime and the intensification, weakening, or changes in position of the climatological-mean circulation features that organize this regime are examined. The focus is on the atmospheric conditions over the conterminous United States relative to wet and dry monsoons over the southwestern United States. The onset o...

MESSENGER mission data allowed the entire surface of Mercury to be mapped at various spatial scales, from both geological and compositional stand points. Here, we present a spectral analysis H05-Hokusai quadrangle, using acquired by Dual Imaging System-Wide Angle Camera. We defined suitable set parameters, such as reflectance slopes, study variation though definition units. The determination un...