We examine how and why donors divide gifts between people in the present (across distance) and between the present and future (across time). US donors tend to give less to charities that benefit the poor and more to charities that benefit the non-poor (such as museums, universities, and arts organizations). Many of these wealthier charities have created endowments that benefit not only present ...

purpose: hidden caries is a term used to describe occlusal dentine caries that is missed on a visual examination, but can be detected by bitewing radiographs. the aim of this study is the review of new studies about this lesion and presentation the ways for diagnosis, prevention and treatmen of this lesion. review of literature: investigations believe that the etiology of this lesion is the mor...

a profile hidden markov model (phmm) is widely used in assigning protein sequences to protein families. in this model, the hidden states only depend on the previous hidden state and observations are independent given hidden states. in other words, in the phmm, only the information of the left side of a hidden state is considered. however, it makes sense that considering the information of the b...

Avalanches pose a threat to settlements as well as industrial and recreational areas in the Alps. As a counter measure, technical mitigation measures have been implemented since the 19th century, resulting in a raise in value of formerly endangered areas. This increase in value can be considered as a benefit due to prevented damage. This paper compares the total costs and benefits of technical ...

This article examines two important aspects of work behavior, labor-force participation, and earnings among persons who since 1976 have become entitled to SSI disability benefits and received payments for a full calendar year or longer during the intervening time period. A data set was developed containing the records of a random sample of all individuals who had ever received Supplemental Secu...

In this report we present a new approach to evaluation of curriculum. Many of us who have been engaged in curriculum reform efforts have been dissatisfied with the wait-ahd-see approach required when classical evaluation of a new curriculum is used. We have in mind evaluation by comparing pretests and posttests, with an analysis of posttest grade-placement distributions as a function of pretest...

The hidden representation of a recurrent neural network language model (RNNLM) is regarded as a summary of the past input sequence. In this study, we propose that the hidden representation also consists of the expectation about upcoming inputs. A RNNLM is originally trained to predict the next word or character, but we experimentally discover, even for an unmodified RNNLM, the farther sequences...