Protected areas are effective at stopping biodiversity loss, but their placement is constrained by the needs of people. Consequently protected areas are often biased toward areas that are unattractive for other human uses. Current reporting metrics that emphasise the total area protected do not account for this bias. To address this problem we propose that the distribution of protected areas be...

A variety of measures are used to compare income inequalities, many of which have been derived from Lorenz curve. However, classical Gini coefficient and its variations are probably the most commonly used measures of income inequality. They are considered as the best measures by many scientists, but it is also recognized that the choice of age-grouping affects the Gini measures (Formby, et al. ...

The main objective of the study is to compare the Newton-Cotes methods such as the Trapezium rule, Simpson 1/3 rule and Simpson 3/8 rule to estimate the area under the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient of income using polynomial function with degree 5. Comparing the Gini coefficients of income computed from the Polynomial function with degree 5 for the Trapezium, Simpson 1/3 and Simpson 3/8 met...

This paper addresses the optimal design problem of toll ring in a general urban traffic network. This problem is categorised as a Mathematical Programming Problem with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC) due to the implicit constraint of user equilibrium condition. In addition, the constraint on the topology of the combination of tolled links is imposed where the combination of tolled links must for...

Wealth distribution has always been an important issue in our economic and social life, since it affects the harmony and stabilization of the society. Under the background of widely used financial tools to raise leverage these years, we studied the leverage effect on wealth distribution of a population in a controllable laboratory market in which we have conducted several human experiments, and...

Abstract Accelerating public housing prices may have resulted in housing wealth distribution changing over time. Measurement of public housing wealth distribution in Singapore from 1984 to 1992 is carried out. Result show that, overall, the distribution was reasonably good from 1984 to 1990. But, starting from 1991, inequality increased. Housing price change is the major reason for the change i...

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND Equity in access to and utilization of health services is a common goal of policy-makers in most countries. The fair allocation of human resources is one of the dimensions of equity, which was evaluated in this study. METHODS We evaluated the equity of human resources' distribution among Iran's medical science universities between 2005 and 2009 by inequality measures ...

in this paper a general view of the gini decomposition is presented. in order to decompose the gini coefficient into within group inequality, between group inequality and transvariation inequality of the iranian urban and rural areas, the 2006 and 2010  micro-data and dagum (1997) method is used. the results indicate that about 48 percent of the inequality in the country as a whole has been due...