Outdoor spaces are important to sustainable cities because they accommodate pedestrian traffic and outdoor activities, and contribute greatly to urban livability and vitality. In the global context of climate change, outdoor spaces that provide a pleasurable thermal comfort experience for pedestrians effectively improve the quality of urban living. The influence of thermal comfort on outdoor ac...

Subjective thermal comfort plays a critical role in body temperature regulation since this represents the primary stimulus for behavioral thermoregulation. Although both core (Tc) and skin-surface (Tsk) temperatures are known afferent inputs to the thermoregulatory system, the relative contributions of Tc and Tsk to thermal comfort are unknown. We independently altered Tc and Tsk in human subje...

in this paper, to address the effect of reactor performance and configuration of biodiesel production on subsequent process parameters (including mass & energy consumption, required facilities etc.) two diverse biodiesel production processes (from plant oil) were implemented/designed using aspen hysys v7.2. two series reactors were taken into account in these designs where in the first and seco...

The ‘wind-rain’ house has a courtyard with glazed roof, which allows more direct sunlight to come into indoor spaces during the winter. The glazed roof can be partially opened or closed and automatically controlled to provide natural ventilation in order to adjust for indoor thermal conditions and the roof area can be shaded by reflective insulation materials during the summer. Two field studie...

Subjects were exposed to sequences of partial-body cooling and warming over a period of three hours. Skin temperatures, core temperature, thermal sensation, and comfort responses were collected for nineteen local body parts, and for the whole body. This paper relates local thermal sensations and comfort to skin and core temperatures, and examines how the thermal sensation and comfort perceived ...