This study aims to achieve a semiotic understanding of collective memory of the Iran-Iraq war. For this purpose, samples of images in virtual social networks shared in response to the news of discovery and return of the bodies of more than 175 divers have been analyzed. Visual signs in photographs, cartoons, graphic designs, prints, paintings and posters, in methods of historical pictures and f...

Abstract Why did women’s roles change so dramatically in the West period after 1945? These years saw major changes those roles, and dominant understandings of female selfhood, from a model based on self-abnegation to one self-fulfilment. The roots this shift have often been located post-1968 feminist movement economic change. Examining question through lens Great Britain, article, however, cent...

This study deals with the conflict of Nigerian Biafran War 6 July, 1960-15 January, 1967 as represented in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie‟s novel Half of a Yellow Sun (2006). The study attempts to address the following four questions: first, what are the causes-effects of Biafran/Civil war? Second, why Nigerians have been suffering during the wartime? Third, how does the representation of Nigerian hi...

This paper models how a nation’s military manpower system affects the decision to go to war. Manpower systems differ primarily in how they distribute costs: the volunteer system shares the war’s manpower costs broadly, while the draft forces a subset of the population to bear a disproportionate share of the load. This difference affects an officeand policy-motivated politician’s decision to go ...

through a decree of imam khomeini, the jihad-e sazandegi organ was formed in 1979 with the aim of rebuilding rural regions and providing services to the deprived areas. initially, it was not thought the jihad to be also involved in uncivil activities as well, but with the beginning of the conflicts before the imposed war and then the war itself, the necessaries required this organization to do ...

Missile injuries of the kidney are rare even in wartime. Of 4500 patients admitted to the Ghaem Medical Center in the first two years of the Iran-Iraq war, only 96 had injuries of the genitourinary tract (2.1 %) and only 35 involved the kidney usually with multiple injuries to other viscera. The mortality for those with urogenital injuries was 8.3% (compared with World War I, 60% and World...