1 Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering, M/S EE94. California State University, Fresno, CA 93740. USA *e-mail: [email protected], web page: http://www.csufresno.edu 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816. USA 3 Universities Space Research Association, Mail Code EC3, Building 29, Room 110, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NA...

one of the principles of the responsibilities is that responsibility is personal. the principle of vezr denotes that responsibility is personal. but sometimes there is a vicarious liability. in french law until 1991 the vicarious liability was un exception and the article of 1384 of civil code of french has been interpreted limitedly. from 1991the exception has been changed into the principle. ...