We investigate how to automatically recover visual encodings from a chart image, primarily using inferred text elements. We contribute an end-to-end pipeline which takes a bitmap image as input and returns a visual encoding specification as output. We present a text analysis pipeline which detects text elements in a chart, classifies their role (e.g., chart title, x-axis label, y-axis title, et...

Natural language is a common type of input for data processing systems. Therefore, it is often required to have a large testing data set of this type. In this context, the task to automatically generate natural language texts, which maintain the properties of real texts is desirable. However, current synthetic data generators do not capture natural language text data sufficiently. In this paper...

We apply the well-known parsing technique of self-training to a new type of text: languagelearner text. This type of text often contains grammatical and other errors which can cause problems for traditional treebank-based parsers. Evaluation on a small test set of student data shows improvement over the baseline, both by training on native or non-native text. The main contribution of this paper...

We give a definition of an integer-valued function [Formula: see text] derived from arrow diagrams for the ambient isotopy classes oriented spherical curves. Then, we introduce certain elements free text]-module generated by with at most arrows, called relators Type ([Formula: text]) (([Formula: text]), or respectively), and another to obtain text]. One main results shows that if vanishes on fi...

How can we tell from a memory report whether a memory is episodic or not? Vividness is required by many definitions, whereas detailedness, memory specificity, and narrative text type are competing definitions of episodicity used in research. We explored their correlations with vividness in personally significant autobiographical memories to provide evidence to support their relative claim to de...

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