In this study, observed for malpractice behaviour under three forms of sitting arrangement. The aim was to identify the conditions which test-takers are more likely engage in different examination malpractice. study primarily concerned with providing answers four research questions and testing null hypotheses. Data were collected using an observation checklist conceived by researchers. analysis...

A central objective of educational assessment is to maximise the accuracy (validity) and consistency (reliability) of the methods used to assess students’ competencies. Different tests, however, often employ different methods of assessing the same domain-specific skills (e.g., spelling). As a result, questions have arisen concerning the legitimacy of using these various modes interchangeably as...

Utilizing invisible 2-dimensional codes and digital audio players with a 2-dimensional code scanner, we developed two types of new auditory testing media. The result of experimental evaluation of the new testing media shows that, in addition to existing special accommodations such as large-print-format test and braille-format test, the introduction of the new auditory testing media enables all ...

although decisions or inferences we make based on test scores depend both on characteristics of test-takers and of testing sit- uations, there is just little research which has been undertaken on the effects of these characteristics on test performance (e.g., in’nami, 2006). the effect of listening strategies on listening performance is also unde- niable (vandergrift, 1997). thus, considering t...

OBJECTIVE Risk taking affects human behavior in general and decisions in medicine in particular. We used game theory to assess physicians' risk-taking tendencies. METHODS Physicians were recruited to the study by advertisement. It was explained that they would receive a sum of money for correct prediction of the flipping of a coin. They could try to sell their opportunity to flip the coin for...

This paper examines the effect of gender and type of stem on Iranian test takers’ performance on the grammar section of a nation-wide language proficiency test. In so doing, the scores of 2931 examinees (1107 female and 1824 male) who sat Tarbiat Modares English proficiency test were obtained. The examinees’ scores on three types of MC grammar items with different kinds of stems (i.e., blank fi...

In perfect competition, there is a sense in which no supplier makes any purposeful, meaningful decision regarding the price that it sets. Rather, because of perfect substitutability between all products (recall the assumption of homogenous goods in a perfectly-competitive market), firms are all price-takers. A view of firms as price-takers is incompatible with the notion that we would now like ...