An important problem in line tranaec\"'ia1iitillin. i. t.ba"t objects or point •. :..':; ',;,. ":':...; ..... ..; .';::"..~:. :..r..:.:...:,:.,,:: ..;.:...... ';,.:':":::'=:;.: ~,," , . clusters of objects of different m.fI. have .ditt~req~:JlicllfJng probabilities. In a recent paper Drummer and McDonsld (1987) develop a bivariate sighting function. Their function is dependent.-on·1erPendic~lar...

Background: Prior to applying genomic predictors to clinical samples, the genomic data must be properly normalized. The most effective normalization methods depend on the data from multiple patients. From a biomedical perspective this implies that predictions for a single patient may change depending on which other patient samples they are normalized with. This test set bias will occur when any...

The purpose of this work was to apply a simple method for acquisition of power output (PO) during the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) at a high sampling rate ( S(R)) and to compare the effect of lower S(R) on the measurements extracted from the PO. 26 male subjects underwent 2 WAnTs on a cycle ergometer. The reference PO was calculated at 30 Hz as a function of the linear velocity, the moment of ...

Background: Selection bias arises in clinical trials by reason of selective assignment of patients to treatment groups. Even in randomized clinical trials with allocation concealment this phenomenon can occur if future assignments can be predicted due to knowledge of former allocations. Objectives: Considering unmasked randomized clinical trials with allocation concealment the impact of selecti...

Suppose that we develop a medically safe and affordable means of enhancing human intelligence. For concreteness, we shall assume that the technology is genetic engineering (either somatic or germ line), although the argument we will present does not depend on the technological implementation. For simplicity, we shall speak of enhancing “intelligence” or “cognitive capacity,” but we do not presu...

Neurocognitive response bias is a concern of clinical neuropsychologists, as accurate assessment is not possible if the patient being tested is not putting forth maximum effort during testing. Despite decades of research in this area, very little study has specifically examined the resilience of neuropsychological tests to incomplete effort. When college students asked to feign cognitive defici...

To the Editor: Recently, we proposed the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT) as a test for allelic association and linkage (linkage disequilibrium) in general pedigrees (Martin et al. 2000). We have discovered that, in certain cases in extended pedigrees, the PDT can be biased under the null hypothesis. In this letter we describe the nature of the bias and illustrate a model in which the bias ar...

This paper proposes a test of racial bias in capital sentencing based upon patterns of judicial errors in lower courts. We model the behavior of the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum of type I and type II errors, namely the probability of sentencing an innocent and that of letting a guilty defendant free. We define racial bias as a situation where the relative weight on the two types of ...

introduction: it is recommended that the physician apply at least a semi-quantitative segmental scoring system in myocardial perfusion spect.  we aimed to assess the agreement between automated semi-quantitative analysis using qps (quantitative perfusion spect) software and visual approach for calculation of summed stress  score (sss), summed rest score (srs) and summed difference score (sds). ...

Gene duplications are a major source of raw material for evolution and a likely contributor to the diversity of life on earth. Duplicate genes (i.e., homeologs, in the case of a whole genome duplication) may retain their ancestral function, subor neofunctionalize, or be lost entirely. A primary way that duplicate genes may evolve new functions is by altering their expression patterns. Comparing...