The forest canopy offers a vertical gradient across which variation in predation pressure implies variation in refuge quality for arthropods. Direct and indirect experimental approaches were combined to assess whether canopy strata differ in ability to offer refuge to various arthropod groups. Vertical heterogeneity in impact of avian predators was quantified using exclosure cages in the unders...

Over a quarter of the world’s land surface is grazed by cattle and other livestock, which are replacing wild herbivores widely regarded as drivers global biodiversity declines. The effects livestock presence versus absence on well documented. However, environmental context-specific stocking rate production poorly understood, precluding nuanced rangeland management recommendations. To address th...

Cattle and other livestock graze more than a quarter of the world's terrestrial area are widely regarded to be drivers global biodiversity declines. Studies often compare effects presence/absence but, our knowledge, no studies have tested for interactive between large wild herbivores at varying stocking rates on small-bodied vertebrates. We investigated cattle (none/moderate/high) diversity wil...

purpose: to compare the effects of short-tem and long-term systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of confirmed ocular toxoplasmosis. methods: this randomized comparative clinical trial was performed on 69 patients with confirmed active ocular toxoplasmosis with typical clinical manifestations. the subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 10 days (group a, 33 cases) or 4-6 weeks (gro...

We conducted experiments with behavioral conditioning of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using verb 3-wire, electrified fencing modified with either an attractant or a repellent in order to test the idea that an attractant or repellent coupled with an electric shock, would be a more effective deterrent than a random shock or no shock at all. Exclosures measuring 6 x 6 m with 3 wires ...

Land degradation due to forest loss is the most challenging problem in sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. The coverage of country has been declined at an alarming rate. Currently, exclosure practice part community mass mobilization soil and water conservation program as a means reverse land problem. involvement either intervention methods (passive or active) could enhance plant regenerat...