Ligand-gated ion channels are important in sensory and synaptic transduction. The PKD1L3-PKD2L1 channel complex is a sour taste receptor candidate that is activated by acids. Here, we report that the proton-activated PKD1L3-PKD2L1 ion channels have the unique ability to be activated after the removal of an acid stimulus. We refer to this property as the off-response (previously described as a d...

Clotrimazole, a broad-spectrum imidazole antimycotic, is a widely-used prescription as well as an over-the-counter drug for treatment of mucosal (oral, vulvovaginal) candidiasis and dermatophytes. An extremely safe and well-tolerated drug, its safety profile has been well-explored in researches and trials. The commonest complaints are almost always non-serious-pruritus, rashes, paraesthesia (st...

Burning Mouth syndrome is a condition characterized by a burning pain or hot sensation which can be localized to the lips or tongue or more widespread in the mouth. The sensation can be continuous or intermittent. It can also be accompanied by other symptoms like dryness, an unpleasant taste, or feelings of numbness. It can increase with talking, eating hot or spicy foods, and in times of stres...

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay of many endogenous substances, such as peptides and neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Histamine is a neurotransmitter which expresses an anorectic effect on food intake via histamine H(1) receptors. The histaminergic system exists downstream of leptin, a satiety factor secreted from white adipose tissue. Because direct stimulat...

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are released during meals from endocrine cells located in the gut mucosa and stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells in a glucose-dependent manner. Although the gut epithelium senses luminal sugars, the mechanism of sugar sensing and its downstream events coupled to the release of the incretin ...

BACKGROUND Tobacco companies use colour on cigarette packaging and labelling to communicate brand imagery, diminish health concerns, and as a replacement for prohibited descriptive words ('light' and 'mild') to make misleading claims about reduced risks. METHODS We analysed previously secret tobacco industry documents to identify additional ways in which cigarette companies tested and manipul...

Ondansetron Hydrochloride (ODH) is 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and is used for pediatric formulation. It is an antiemetic drug given in treatment of nausea and vomiting. The bitter taste of the drug and having shorter half-life and needed frequent administration which reduces patient compliance. Hence, need was felt to deliver ODH to the patients, once a day to improve the patient compliance of ...

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral pain or burning sensation affecting the oral mucosa, often unaccompanied by mucosal lesions or other evident clinical signs. It is observed principally in middle-aged patients and postmenopausal women and may be accompanied by xerostomia and altered taste. Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by an intense burning or stinging sensation, preferab...

Upper removable appliances (URA), as well as full dentures, are known to be the cause of various complaints related to oral handling of food and beverages, phonation and vocalization, in addition to general discomfort. To test the hypothesis that taste and flavour perception might also be affected by URA, 22 young orthodontic patients (10 males and 12 females aged 11.5 +/- 1.7 years; experiment...

brates and insects. In Drosophila, olfactory cues are detected by neurons located inside sensory hairs or " sensilla " on the antenna and maxillary palp. A family (Drosophila odorant receptors) have been identified in 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard the fly genome that are thought to mediate odorant As seen in vertebrates, analysis of the axonal projections of Drosophila olfactory neurons When you s...