In rats, the long facial whiskers (mystacial macrovibrissae) are repetitively and rapidly swept back and forth during exploration in a behaviour known as 'whisking'. In this paper, we summarize previous evidence from rats, and present new data for rat, mouse and the marsupial grey short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) showing that whisking in all three species is actively controlled both...

The first lineage allocation during mouse development results in the trophectoderm and inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage. The caudal-related transcription factor, CDX2, is upregulated and required for the repression of inner cell mass genes Oct 4 and Nanog in the trophectoderm to specify the two lineages. Mouse embryos are precocious implanters requiring early establishment of trophectode...

The first lineage allocation during mouse development results in the trophectoderm and inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage. The caudal-related transcription factor, CDX2, is upregulated and required for the repression of inner cell mass genes Oct 4 and Nanog in the trophectoderm to specify the two lineages. Mouse embryos are precocious implanters requiring early establishment of trophectode...

We report that two species of mouse-tailed bats (Rhinopoma microphyllum and R. cystops) hibernate for five months during winter in geothermally heated caves with stable high temperature (20°C). While hibernating, these bats do not feed or drink, even on warm nights when other bat species are active. We used thermo-sensitive transmitters to measure the bats' skin temperature in the natural hiber...

reproductive parameters evaluation is considered as helpful tool for gene bank formation in ecological and economically important animals species. gloydius halys caucasicus is venomous, viviparous pit viper of northwest of iran. in this research, the spermatic reproductive parameters of this taxon were studied. twenty six male snakes were collected from takht-e-soleiman region between september...

Deer are considered important intermediate hosts for the coccidian parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Antibodies to N. caninum and T. gondii were determined in sera of 42 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and 43 black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) from Washington state, USA, using direct agglutination test with specific antigens. A titer of 1:25 was consid...

The asymptotic (normal) distribution of an estimator approximates well the central part, but not the tails of its true distribution. Robust estimators, advertised as resistant to heavy-tailed distributions, can be themselves heavy-tailed. Though asymptotically admissible, many are not finite-sample admissible for any distribution. Hence, before taking a recourse to the asymptotics, we should fi...

Background: Since both fetal and postnatal development is determined by early embryonic the molecular mechanism organogenesis process of mouse embryos have been thoroughly studied. However, specific in Mongolian sheep remains poorly understood. Methods: The 16-day 25-day embryo samples Inner Mongolia Hulunbuir short-tailed were evaluated transcriptome sequencing technique genes with significant...

The multivariate regular variation (MRV) is one of the most important tools in modeling multivariate heavy-tailed phenomena. This paper characterizes the MRV distributions through the tail dependence function of the copula associated with them. Along with some existing results, our studies indicate that the existence of the lower tail dependence function of the survival copula is necessary and ...