Background Previous reports suggest that 5-hydroxytryptamine might play a role in the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine. However, its role in the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine, which is more potent than (S)-ketamine, is unknown. This study was conducted to examine whether 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion affects the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in a chronic social defeat ...

BACKGROUND The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-depressive activity of turmerone after one-week administration by using a mouse forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). METHODS Animals were divided into four groups (n = 10 /group): control (0.9% saline), the three doses of turmerone (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg) for one-week treatment. To assess the effect of turme...

objective(s) current study was undertaken to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of teucrium chamaedrys in mice and rats. materials and methods for evaluating of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, we used the carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw oedema, acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick and formalin pain tests. results the extract of t. c...

In this study, we examined the effects of a potent cysteine protease inhibitor, N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2-cabonyl)-L-leucine-4-aminobutylamide (E-64a), on bone weight and strength in tail-suspended rats. We first administered a vehicle or 4 or 8 mg/rat of E-64a to rats fed with a low calcium diet for 7 wks to determine effective doses of E-64a on bone resorption in vivo. Femoral cathepsin K...

Methods Dyn KO mice were generated by replacement of the entire coding region of the prodynorphin gene [2] and backcrossed onto C57bl/6N. Age and testing experiencematched female intact and ovariectomized (OVX) Dyn KO and wildtype (WT) mice at 3-8 months age were tested in all experiments. Anxiety (open field test, OF; elevated plus maze test, EPM; light dark test, LDT) and stressrelated behavi...

Existing proposals for implementing the run-time suspension test for GHC concentrate upon suspending unifications in the bodies of clauses being used to evaluate guard literals. However, by making simple alterations to the guard and adding special primitives to it to localise the requirement to suspend to a primitive in the guard, unifications in the bodies of clauses may proceed without being ...

BACKGROUND Calcitriol is documented to cause significant increase in bone mass densitometry counteracting osteoporosis. Promising results of calcitriol supplementation in studies aiming space flight induced osteoporosis is little and the effect of this hormone on biomarkers of bone metabolism is not examined yet in space flight models of osteoporosis in rats. METHODS This was an interventiona...

introduction: hyperalgesia is considered as one of the marked signs of subchronic diabetes mellitus in patients that could affect their lifestyle. this study was designed to investigate the anti-nociceptive effect of chronic administration of quercetin in streptozotocin (stz)-diabetic rats using formalin and hot tail immersion tests. methods: rats were divided into control, control or diabetic ...