How ought we learn causal relationships? While Popper advocated a hypothetico-deductive logic of causal discovery, inductive accounts are currently in vogue. Many inductive approaches depend on the causal Markov condition as a fundamental assumption. This condition, I maintain, is not universally valid, though it is justifiable as a default assumption. In which case the results of the inductive...

Correction The authors regret to have overlooked an error in (Figure five) of the original version of this article [1]. The original, incorrect form (Figure 1), and the corrected form (Figure 2) are shown in this article. Figure 1 Synthesis of PIM-1, a-reagent and condition, K2CO3, DMAc and DEB at 150°C for 1 h (Incorrect form). Figure 2 Synthesis of PIM-1, a-reagent and condition, K2CO3, DMAc ...

The synthesis of singleand double-wall carbon nanotubes by gas flow-modified, catalyst-supported chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) is reported. We have investigated the gas flow condition dependence on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by placing blocks in the CCVD reactor. Carbon nanotubes having large diameters are preferentially grown under turbulent flow conditions. This indicates tha...

How ought we learn causal relationships? While Popper advocated a hypothetico-deductive logic of causal discovery, inductive accounts are currently in vogue. Many inductive approaches depend on the causal Markov condition as a fundamental assumption. This condition, I maintain, is not universally valid, though it is justifiable as a default assumption. In which case the results of the inductive...

the nano-cry zeolite synthesized and characterized by fourier transfer infrared (ft-ir), x-ray diffraction (xrd),and scanning electron microscopy (sem).the result show that nano catalyst prepared with mainly particles size about 30-80 nm .the xrd show the structure of the zeolite does not collapse. this nano-cry zeolite has been used as new, and nontoxic catalyst for catalyzes of synthesis of 2...

in this investigation, a facile and green sonochemical route has been developed for the synthesis of 2-ketomethylquinolines by using 2-methylquinolines and several acyl chlorides in the presence of nanocrystalline mgal2o4 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. the combination of nanocatalyst and ultrasonic process afforded corresponding ketomethyl quinolines in shorter reaction durations, and ...

regioselective synthesis of highly functionalized pyranopyrazoles was achieved in excellent yield from phenyl pyrazolone, substituted aromatic aldehyde with nitroketene-n,s-acetal in the presence of indium trichloride as a versatile catalyst under reflux condition in ethanol-water mixture. all reactions preceeded within a short period of time with excellent purity. all of the synthesized compou...

This paper continues the study of spectral synthesis and the topologies τ ∞ and τ r on the ideal space of a Banach algebra, concentrating particularly on the class of Haagerup tensor products of C *-algebras. For this class, it is shown that spectral synthesis is equivalent to the Hausdorffness of τ ∞. Under a weak extra condition, spectral synthesis is shown to be equivalent to the Hausdorffne...

This paper continues the study of spectral synthesis and the topologies τ ∞ and τ r on the ideal space of a Banach algebra, concentrating particularly on the class of Haagerup tensor products of C *-algebras. For this class, it is shown that spectral synthesis is equivalent to the Hausdorffness of τ ∞. Under a weak extra condition, spectral synthesis is shown to be equivalent to the Hausdorffne...

In this paper, we introduce Brønsted acidic ionic liquid (BAIL), (4-sulfobutyl) tris (4-sulfophenyl) phosphonium hydrogen sulfate as a green and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted quinoxaline derivatives via the one-pot condensation reaction of various o-phenylenediamine with 1,2-diketone derivatives. At all experiments, the desired products were synthesized successfully....