By using DNA sequences of 17 mammalian genes, the generation-time effect is estimated separately for synonymous substitutions and nonsynonymous substitutions. Star phylogenies composed of rodentia, artiodactyla, and primates are examined. The generation-time effect is found to be more conspicuous for synonymous substitutions than for non-synonymous substitutions, by using the methods of (i) Nei...

This article discusses the terms used in medieval text sources to denote Hussites. It pays particular atten-tion nominal phrase Bohemi heretici arguing that its lexeme constituents functioned fifteenth-cen-tury Latin as synonyms. A more detailed examination focuses on types of synonymy established between two mentioned lexemes. The contextual and partial are here. In addition, importance connot...

The complete nucleotide sequence of a Polish isolate of Beet soil-borne virus was determined for the first time. The genome organization was identical with those previously established for isolates from Germany and China. A comparison of the Polish isolate with others deposited in GenBank revealed high level of nucleotide identity, about 98-100%, throughout the genome analyzed. The ratio betwee...