Klippel and Feil in 1912, first described the disorder in a 46-year-old French man who had a short immobile neck with massive fusion of cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae,1 which came to be known as the Klippel-Feil syndrome. Later on, other anomalies were described in association with it thus making it a multi-system congenital disorder. It is characterized by fusion of cervical vertebrae a...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate peculiar patterns of facial asymmetry following incomplete recovery from facial paralysis that require optimal physical therapy for effective facial rehabilitation, and to decrease the incidence of avoidable facial sequelae. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study involved 41 patients who had facial sequelae following the treatment of various facia...

Bender and Fulton (1939) showed that in monkeys, following regeneration of the sectioned third cranial nerve, a mass innervation of the muscles supplied by the third nerve develops. This resulted in limitation of upward and downward movement of the eye owing to synkinesis of the antagontist muscle. Recovery of inward movement was good, but was associated with pupillary contraction. Ford, Walsh,...

INTRODUCTION Facial nerve injury leads to significant disability and impairment in quality of life. Nerve repair is the best treatment for facial nerve injury. Suture neurorrhaphy under microscopic magnification has been considered the gold standard for repair, but this method can be technically challenging and time consuming. Furthermore, sutures are traumatic, leading to scar formation that c...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to develop an evidence-based consensus statement regarding use of laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) for diagnosis and treatment of vocal fold paralysis after recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). METHODS Two questions regarding LEMG were analyzed: (1) Does LEMG predict recovery in patients with acute unilateral or bilateral vocal fold paralysis? (2) ...

PURPOSE Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type I (CFEOM1), the most common CFEOM worldwide, is characterized by bilateral ptotic hypotropia, an inability to supraduct above the horizontal midline, horizontal strabismus (typically exotropia), and ophthalmoplegia with abnormal synkinesis. This distinct non-syndromic phenotype is considered autosomal dominant and is virtually always f...

OBJECTIVE To introduce a Thy1-GFP transgenic rat model, whose axons constitutively express green fluorescent protein (GFP), in order to study facial nerve regeneration. Facial nerve injury can cause devastating physical and social sequelae. The functional recovery of the facial nerve can result in synkinesis and permanent axonal misrouting. Facial nerve research has been hindered by the lack of...